Social and Emotional Development
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
This course explores the foundations and processes of social and emotional development across the lifespan, with a focus on childhood and adolescence. Topics include attachment theory, emotional regulation, temperament, family and peer influences, moral development, and the role of culture in shaping social behaviors. Students will examine major theoretical perspectives, empirical research findings, and real-world applications relevant to promoting healthy social and emotional outcomes in diverse settings. The course also addresses challenges associated with atypical development and interventions that support positive social and emotional growth.
Recommended Textbook
HDEV 4th Edition by Spencer A. Rathus
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19 Chapters
1520 Verified Questions
1520 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: History, Theories, and Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the use of punishment?
A) It should decrease the frequency of a behavior.
B) It creates feelings of adoration and respect.
C) It should be primarily cognitive in nature.
D) It is considered the best method of child-rearing.
Answer: A
Q2) Vygotsky's sociocultural theory suggests that:
A) a child's interactions with adults organize the child's learning experiences.
B) children learn only through a complex interaction of rewards and punishments.
C) children are like miniature adults and need to be rigidly instructed to obtain cognitive skills.
D) a child's development is unaffected by ethnicity and gender.
Answer: A
Q3) Which of the following is true of fixation in the oral stage?
A) It occurs because of being toilet trained too strictly.
B) It occurs because of being weaned too early or breast-fed for too long.
C) It occurs because of concentrating on school work for too long.
D) It occurs because of playing with children of the opposite gender too often.
Answer: B
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Heredity and Prenatal Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Monozygotic (MZ) twins share _________ percent of their genes.
A) 100
B) 75
C) 50
D) 25
Answer: A
Q2) Meiosis is responsible for the production of sperm and ova.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Amniocentesis is a procedure used in abortion.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) The probability of having a child with Down's syndrome increases with the age of the parents.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Birth and the Newborn Baby: In the New World
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Sample Questions
Q1) A newborn baby is given a Vitamin K injection to:
A) prevent bacterial infections.
B) regulate its heart rate and pulse
C) help its blood clot properly if it bleeds.
D) prevent any involuntary bowel movement.
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following is a similarity between postpartum depression and postpartum anxiety?
A) Both produce delusional thoughts about the infant in the mothers' mind.
B) Both are characterized by command hallucinations that are dangerous to mothers and infants.
C) Both are caused by high levels of estrogen in the mother's body.
D) Both are characterized by an obsessive concern for the well-being of infants.
Answer: D
Q3) The Lamaze method has been shown to reduce fear and pain during childbirth.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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5
Chapter 4: Infancy: Physical Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) As they age, children become more passive in response to their environments.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following statements about cephalocaudal development is true?
A) Infants gain control over their lower legs, feet, and toes before gaining control over their hips and arms.
B) The spinal cord develops more rapidly than the brain.
C) Leg buds form before arm buds.
D) Infants can sit up before they can crawl and walk.
Q3) Adults' brain sare different from infants' brains in that infants' brains:
A) have more connections among neurons than adults brains do.
B) comprise a significantly smaller percentage of the body size.
C) completely comprise of non-myelinated neurons.
D) have only about half the structures of adults' brains.
Q4) From birth, infants should be:
A) fed breast milk.
B) fed cow's milk.
C) introduced to solid food.
D) given finger foods.
Q5) Briefly explain the structures of the brain.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Infancy: Cognitive Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an example of a simple reflex?
A) Reaching for an object
B) Looking to see if one's mother is near
C) Searching for an object behind an obstacle
D) Turning toward the source of a noise
Q2) Which of the following tests measures of infant intelligence?
A) The Apgar Scales
B) The Riley Scales
C) The Bayley Scales
D) The Piaget Scales
Q3) Which of the following is a difference between the mental scale and the behavior rating scale?
A) The mental scale assesses perceptual skills, whereas the behavior scale assesses attention span.
B) The mental scale assesses goal directedness, whereas the behavior scale assesses memory.
C) The mental scale assesses emotional development, whereas the behavior scale assesses fine motor skills.
D) The mental scale assesses persistence, whereas the behavior scale assesses learning.
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Chapter 6: Infancy: Social and Emotional Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Spitz's classic study of infants in an orphanage showed that institutionalized children who receive little or no social stimulation:
A) appear depressed and withdrawn.
B) show great interest in adults when given more stimulation.
C) are responsive to strangers.
D) showed elevated rates of failure to thrive syndrome.
Q2) According to Ainsworth and her colleagues, which of the following phases of attachment is characterized by preference for familiar figures?
A) The attachment-in-the-making phase
B) The clear-cut-attachment phase
C) The initial-preattachment phase
D) The indiscriminate attachment phase
Q3) Emotional abuse involves failure to provide adequate nurturance and emotional support.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Physiologically, when emotions are strong, our hearts beat less rapidly.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Early Childhood: Physical and Cognitive Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss the development of memory in early childhood. Explain the various factors that influence memory in early childhood.
Q2) Conservation is the understanding that:
A) parents are aware of everything happening to their children even when they are not present.
B) properties of objects remain the same, even if you change their superficial characteristics.
C) one's perspective is the same as other people's perspective, irrespective of the situation.
D) environmental features, such as mountains and thunder, have been designed and created by people.
Q3) Which of the following activities involves fine motor skills?
A) Walking up stairs, two feet to a step
B) Kicking a large ball
C) Hopping on one foot
D) Building a tower with six cubes
Q4) Automobile accidents are the leading cause of death in early childhood.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Early Childhood: Social and Emotional Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a difference between later-born children and firstborn children?
A) Later-born children are more highly motivated to achieve than firstborn children.
B) Later-born children perform better academically and are more cooperative than firstborn children.
C) Later-born children show somewhat greater anxiety levels than firstborn children.
D) Later-born children are more rebellious and liberal than firstborn children.
Q2) Children from permissive-indulgent homes, unlike those from neglectful homes, are fairly low in social competence and self-confidence.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Parents who are restrictive:
A) allow their children to do what is ''natural.''
B) tend to impose rules and to watch their children closely.
C) allow their children to show some aggression, intervening only when another child is in danger.
D) often communicate their enjoyment in being with their children.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Middle Childhood: Physical and Cognitive Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Learning disabilities are disorders characterized by:
A) inadequate development of specific academic, language, and speech skills.
B) social deficits and stereotyped behavior.
C) abnormal functioning and loss of previously acquired skills.
D) excessive inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity.
Q2) Piaget's theory of education can be applied in classrooms by:
A) promoting activities that encourage active discovery.
B) designing a uniform mode of instruction for children across age groups.
C) upholding and endorsing a single perspective on topics under consideration.
D) focusing on learning through rote-repetition.
Q3) According to Piaget's theory of moral development, how do children's moral reasoning differ in the stages of objective morality and autonomous morality?
Q4) According to Wechsler, intelligence refers to the:
A) capacity to understand the world and the resourcefulness to cope with its challenges.
B) free and fluent association to the elements of a problem.
C) trait characterized by flexibility, ingenuity, and originality.
D) thought process that attempts to focus on the single best solution to a problem.
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Chapter 10: Middle Childhood: Social and Emotional Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to a study by El-Sheikh in 2007, when children are exposed to adult or marital conflict, they display a biological ''alarm reaction,'' which is indicated by:
A) a sharp rise in the heart rate.
B) a drastic decrease in the blood pressure.
C) stability in breathing .
D) lack of sweating.
Q2) According to studies by Chan & Koo in 2011 and Scales in 2014, children with a favorable self-image tend to have parents who are _____.
A) authoritative
B) lenient
C) negligent
D) restrictive
Q3) Certain attributional styles can contribute to helplessness and hopelessness and hence to depression.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain parent-child relationships during middle childhood.
Q5) Describe the effects of schools on child development in middle childhood.
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Chapter 11: Adolescence: Physical and Cognitive Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Children in early childhood tend to view right and wrong in terms of rewards and punishments.?Lawrence Kohlberg referred to such judgments as _____.
A) postconventional
B) conventional C) preconventional
D) transcendental
Q2) Which of the following statements is true of estrogen?
A) It promotes the growth of the fatty and supporting tissue in the hips and buttocks.
B) It accelerates the female growth spurt some years after testosterone accelerates that of males.
C) It prevents the long bones from making further gains in length in females.
D) It stems from the small amount of female sex hormones secreted by the testes.
Q3) Bulimia nervosa is connected with irregular menstrual cycles.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Evaluate Kohlberg's theory of moral development.
Q5) Discuss the gender differences in visual-spatial ability.
Page 13
Q6) Explain the concepts of asynchronous growth and the secular trend.
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Chapter 12: Adolescence: Social and Emotional Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an identity status that involves commitment without serious consideration of alternatives?
A) Moratorium
B) Foreclosure
C) Ego integrity
D) Identity diffusion
Q2) People's sexual orientation always corresponds to their sexual identity.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following statements is true of masturbation?
A) It causes a decline in one's sex drive if practiced frequently.
B) It is a sexual outlet that does not require a partner.
C) It is widely practiced by women and not men.
D) It is an indication of homosexual orientation.
Q4) What are the common factors that cause teenage pregnancy? Do teenage girls use contraception effectively?
Q5) Unexamined ethnic identity is comparable to Marcia's moratorium status.
A)True
B)False
Q6) List at least five warning signs of suicide among adolescents. Page 14
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Page 15
Chapter 13: Early Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) As people mature, they tend to develop a cognitive-affective complexity that enables them to harbor both positive and negative feelings about their career choices.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Adulthood is more accurately defined by one's age and not by what one does.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is true of skin changes that occur toward the end of early adulthood?
A) Skin becomes more elastic.
B) Skin changes are more common for women than for men.
C) Skin changes are more common for men than for women.
D) Skin continues to be able to resist wrinkles.
Q4) Which of the following is true of women in their late 30s and early 40s?
A) There is a decline in the quality and quantity of their ova.
B) They rarely have fertility problems.
C) They cannot have healthy children, including their first children.
D) The risk of developing chromosomal abnormalities during pregnancy is low.
Q5) Briefly describe the stages in Donald Super's theory of career development.
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Chapter 14: Early Adulthood: Social and Emotional Development
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Q1) The experience of _________, as opposed to attachment or sexual arousal, occurs within a cultural context in which the concept is idealized.
A) romantic love
B) consummate love
C) fatuous love
D) empty love
Q2) Erikson, like Havighurst, has been criticized for suggesting that young adults: A) may not be able to gauge the extent to which their developing values may conflict with those ofa potential intimate partner.
B) who have established a firm sense of identity during adolescence are unprepared for fusing their identity with those of other people through marriage and friendships. C) who choose to remain celibate or single are not developing normally.
D) who had not achieved ego identity may not be ready to commit themselves to others.
Q3) Marriage restricts sexual relations so that a man can be assured-or assume-that his wife's children are his.
A)True
B)False
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Page 17
Chapter 15: Middle Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following best defines amenorrhea?
A) It is the lack of menstruation.
B) It is the recurring problem in reaching an orgasm.
C) It is the lack of sexual desire in women.
D) It is the onset of menstruation.
Q2) The _________ is the body's defense against infections and some other sources of disease.
A)respiratory system
B) cardiovascular system
C) immune system
D) nervous system
Q3) Heart disease most commonly results from _________, or hardening of the arteries.
A) astigmatism
B) phenylketonuria
C) arteriosclerosis
D) presbyopia
Q4) Do racial and gender differences influence the incidence and treatment of diseases?
Q5) Does stress influence immunity levels in human beings?
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Chapter 16: Middle Adulthood: Social and Emotional Development
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Q1) People who score high on the neuroticism scale of the five-factor model of personality tend to be insensitive to negative stimuli.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to Robert Havighurst, keeping our performance at work at a satisfactory level is considered a developmental task during _____.
A) adolescence
B) early adulthood
C) middle adulthood
D) late adulthood
Q3) According to Daniel Levinson and his colleagues, which of the following is true of the midlife transition?
A) It is a period in which people are at the peak of generativity.
B) It is a period in which people fear they have more to look back upon than forward to.
C) It is a period of development that occurs around the age of 30-35 years.
D) It is a period where people engage in procreation.
Q4) Briefly describe Daniel Levinson's seasons.
Q5) Discuss how unemployment affects middle-aged adults.
Page 19
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Chapter 17: Late Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development
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Q1) Antioxidants delay aging by:
A) disarming free radicals.
B) enabling cross-linking of cell proteins.
C) lengthening telomeres.
D) regulating hormone levels in the body.
Q2) Discuss long-term memory in late adulthood. Do adults recall all their life events with the same intensity?
Q3) An older male may enjoy orgasm as thoroughly as he did at a younger age.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following is a result of stiffening of collagen?
A) Brittle bones
B) Coarse and dry skin
C) Increase in vaginal lubrication
D) Excessive apoptosis
Q5) Nocturnal erections in late adulthood:
A) increase in frequency.
B) indicate abnormal enlargement of the prostate gland.
C) disappear as part of the normal aging process.
D) diminish in intensity and duration.
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Chapter 18: Late Adulthood: Social and Emotional Development
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Q1) Which of the following statements is true of generalized anxiety disorder?
A) It may arise from the perception that one lacks control over one's life.
B) It is more common in childhood than in late adulthood.
C) It is characterized by an irrational, exaggerated fear of a specific object or situation.
D) It may be used synonymously with the term panic disorder.
Q2) Which of the following statements is true of retirement planning?
A) In married couples, control of retirement plans is unrelated to a partner's workload and income level.
B) Women in same-gender couples who do retirement planning are less likely to do it collaboratively as compared to men in same-gender couples.
C) Men in same-gender couples are more likely than women in same-gender couples to do retirement planning.
D) In married couples, wives more often than husbands tend to be in control of retirement plans.
Q3) What is selective optimization with compensation?
Q4) Self-esteem in late adulthood is tied into independence and dependence.
A)True
B)False
Page 21
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Chapter 19: Lifes
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Q1) Which of the following is an alternative term that is used to refer to euthanasia?
A) Palliative care
B) Sedation
C) Suicide
D) Mercy killing
Q2) Which of the following is a contribution of John Bowlby in the context of human development?
A) He proposed the stages of dying commonly experienced by terminally ill patients.
B) He modified Jacobs' theory of grief based on personal anecdotes.
C) He proposed a stage theory of grief for coping with bereavement.
D) He suggested three developmental tasks in late adulthood based on Erikson's psychosocial theory.
Q3) To support people who are dying, it is a good practice to minimize the dying person's emotional pain by changing the subject.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How do funerals allow people to respond to death?
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