https://quizplus.com/study-set/3908
Social and Cultural Foundations of Behavior
Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
This course explores the social and cultural influences that shape human behavior, emphasizing how societal norms, values, institutions, and cultural practices impact individual and group actions. Topics include socialization, cultural diversity, identity formation, group dynamics, stereotypes, prejudice, and the role of culture in psychological processes. Through analysis of case studies and theoretical perspectives, students gain a deeper understanding of how cultural and social contexts influence behavior, relationships, and mental health, fostering greater cultural competence and critical awareness.
Recommended Textbook
Human Development A Cultural Approach 1st Edition by Jeffrey J. Arnett
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13 Chapters
4180 Verified Questions
4180 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: A Cultural Approach to Human Development
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330 Verified Questions
330 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Developed countries can be viewed as ____,whereas,developing countries can be seen as ____.
A)wealthy; populated
B)populated; wealthy
C)collective; individualistic
D)individualistic; collective
Answer: A
Q2) What is the process by which an editor of a journal sends a manuscript to other researchers to evaluate for potential publication in a journal?
A)editorial evaluation
B)editor's choice
C)publication priority
D)peer review
Answer: D
Q3) Describe one way that Erikson's theory was different from Freud's.
Answer: Erikson placed more emphasis on the social and cultural basis of development and did not believe that events and influences of early childhood were primary determinants of later development.He believed that development happened throughout the lifespan.
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Genetics and Prenatal Development
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334 Verified Questions
334 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the condition when infants are born with parts of their brain missing?
A)spina bifida
B)anencephaly
C)microcephaly
D)exoancephaly
Answer: B
Q2) Why would some couples seek genetic counseling before attempting a pregnancy?
A)They believe that they might be carriers for a genetic disorder.
B)They live in a high-risk area.
C)They want to have a high-IQ baby.
D)They want a particular characteristic in their offspring.
Answer: A
Q3) K.M.is an American woman of healthy weight who went to the doctor for her second prenatal checkup.What would be LEAST LIKELY recommended by her physician?
A)to increase her fluid intake
B)to avoid exercise as much as possible,especially aerobic activities
C)to increase her caloric intake
D)to be sure she is getting enough iron and folic acid in her diet
Answer: B
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Birth and the Newborn Child
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323 Verified Questions
323 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Are there ethnic differences in breastfeeding in the U.S.? Explain your response.
Answer: Yes,there are ethnic differences.African American women breast feed less than their Latino and White counterparts,but the rates are rising across all ethnic groups.
Q2) In the experiment by Hunziker and Barr (1986),mothers in Group A were instructed to carry their infants for at least three hours a day while the mothers in Group B were not given any special instructions.What were the results?
A)There were no differences between Group A and B infants.
B)Both groups of infants cried the same number of times,but Group A infants cried half as long Group B infants.
C)Group B infants learned to sooth themselves and cried less than Group A infants.
D)Group B infants cried many more times during the day than Group A infants.
Answer: B
Q3) Give one reason that a woman would deliver by c-section (not including convenience of scheduling).
Answer: Failure to progress or a breech birth are two reasons for a c-section.
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Chapter 4: Infancy
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293 Verified Questions
293 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) How do researchers determine whether babies can tell the difference between two stimuli given that their young subjects are not able to tell them?
Q2) What happens after infants have been babbling for a few months?
A)They begin making holophrases.
B)They cease to babble in sounds they have not heard used by the people around them.
C)They begin gesturing along with babbling.
D)They begin to make sounds to which they are not exposed.
Q3) Neurotransmitters are ____.
A)the cell body of a neuron
B)a layer of insulation that surrounds axons
C)chemicals that are released into the synapse
D)tiny gaps between neurons
Q4) Which of the following correlates with an infant's ability to habituate to a new stimulus very quickly?
A)difficulties on other cognitive tasks
B)difficulties with decoding social cues
C)performance on intelligence tests
D)performance on social-emotional scales
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Chapter 5: Toddlerhood
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308 Verified Questions
308 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of Piaget's concepts is linked to separation anxiety? Explain this connection.
Q2) ____ is the study of animal behavior.
A)Ethnology
B)Ecology
C)Epidemiology
D)Ethology
Q3) During toddlerhood,
A)sleeping alone is rare in traditional cultures.
B)children sleep more than they did in infancy (because they are so much more active).
C)naps are no longer needed.
D)children sleep consistently throughout the night.
Q4) What is the solution to the dilemma of iodine deficiency in children?
A)adding iodine to meat,which is a very costly process
B)adding iodine to salt,which costs a few cents per person per year
C)adding iodine to the local drinking supply
D)injecting iodine into children subcutaneously every two months
Q5) How have researchers tested categorization among infants,proving that Piaget underestimated children's early abilities?
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Chapter 6: Early Childhood
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319 Verified Questions
319 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following best describes a child,in Piagetian terms,who is centered?
A)"They lack the ability to distinguish between their own perspective and another person's perspective."
B)"They often attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces."
C)"They often focus on one noticeable aspect of a cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects."
D)"They have difficulty understanding that objects can be simultaneously part of more than one class or group."
Q2) Children who are left-handed
A)will be more likely to learn to be right-handed in an Asian or African culture than in the United States.
B)likely first developed this tendency during the preschool years.
C)are often praised for their uniqueness in non-Western cultures.
D)will always have a left-handed twin if they are monozygotic (MZ)twins.
Q3) What are two explanations for the inability to remember anything before age 2?
Q4) Describe one way that young children (between ages 3-6)learn their culture's principles of moral conduct.
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Chapter 7: Middle Childhood
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352 Verified Questions
352 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Would you say that the Attention-deficit-hyperactivity Disorder Observational Research in Europe (ADORE)study made a significant contribution to this area of research? Why or why not? What was one finding?
Q2) Which of the following best illustrates coregulation?
A)Siblings negotiate a conflict without resorting to physical aggression.
B)A child takes it upon himself to set the table for dinner while his parents are in the other room.
C)A child counts to three and tells himself to calm down after getting angry at his brother.
D)A child describes himself in relation to others.
Q3) _____ of parents of obese children view their children as overweight.
A)90 to 95%
B)80 to 85%
C)70 to 75%
D)Less than 50%
Q4) In traditional cultures,gender-segregated play is a consequence of ____.
A)differential brain development for boys and girls
B)estrogen and testosterone within the bloodstream
C)the X and Y chromosomes imposing on the child
D)the gender-specific work of boys and girls
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Adolescence
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329 Verified Questions
329 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Who is more likely to emphasize physical appearance as a basis for their self-esteem?
A)adolescent females
B)adolescent males
C)middle-aged males
D)middle-aged females
Q2) In every Western country for which records exist there has been a downward trend in the age of menarche.This trend is known as the ____.
A)secular trend
B)lowering trend
C)early onset trend
D)sooner trend
Q3) Based on what we see in this video,how did the other children react to her problem?
A)They told her quietly,so they would not embarrass her.
B)They laughed and pointed.
C)They did not even notice.
D)They posted her picture on Facebook.
Q4) How is the imaginary audience connected to the concept of a personal fable?
Q5) What is metacognition and how could it be the source of stress for adolescents?
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Chapter 9: Emerging Adulthood
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333 Verified Questions
333 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Your uncle and aunt are pretty unhappy with your cousin,who is taking six years to complete an undergraduate degree.What can you tell your aunt and uncle that would help your cousin? The average time to complete an undergraduate degree in the United States is ____.
A)4 years
B)5 years
C)6 years
D)7 years
Q2) Peng and Nisbett (1999)conducted studies comparing Chinese and American college students.They found that when students were presented with two apparently contradictory propositions,American students tended to ____.
A)use non-pragmatic logic
B)embrace one solution and reject the other
C)accept both propositions
D)try to reconcile the two contradictory propositions
Q3) According to Piaget,abstract thinking and logic are the hallmarks of the most advanced stage of cognitive development: formal operational thinking.What is postformal thinking and why is it considered more advanced than formal operational thinking?
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Young Adulthood
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296 Verified Questions
296 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) An expertise is analogous with ____,whereas creativity is analogous with ____.
A)problem solving; problem finding
B)problem solving; problem awareness
C)problem cognition; problem solving
D)problem subconsciousness; problem solving
Q2) In industrialized societies,where does marriage rank in surveys of possible criteria for adult status?
A)near the bottom
B)toward the middle
C)near the top
D)at the very top
Q3) Several first-year college students have told their advisor that the reason they chose their major,education,is so that they will be able to be with their children after school and in the summer while their spouse is working.Whose theory does this support? Explain.
Q4) In the United States,what is the rate of single motherhood in African Americans?
A)70%
B)50%
C)30%
D)10%
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Chapter 11: Middle Adulthood
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338 Verified Questions
338 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Some researchers have proposed that during middle adulthood many married couples maintain a relationship of companionate love.According to Sternberg's theory,companionate love is best described as a relationship that is ____.
A)high in intimacy and commitment,and low in passion
B)low in intimacy and commitment,and high in passion
C)high in intimacy,low in commitment,and high in passion
D)low in passion,high in commitment,and low in intimacy
Q2) "She must perform daily rituals of respect to her husband's parents,including massaging their feet,eating only after they have eaten,and drinking the water used in the ceremonial washing of her in-laws' feet before meals." This is a description of a woman ____.
A)in young adulthood from Canada
B)in late adulthood from Spain
C)in early childhood from America
D)in young adulthood from India
Q3) Does research show age-related changes in divided attention in middle adulthood?
Q4) As Arnett states,"Longitudinal studies are generally considered more valid tests of age differences than cross-sectional studies are." Explain why.
Q5) What are two risk factors for osteoporosis?
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Chapter 12: Late Adulthood
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341 Verified Questions
341 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a national American survey of adults ages 57-85,____ of men reported occasional erectile problems and about one-third reported chronic erectile dysfunction.
A)15%
B)30%
C)60%
D)90%
Q2) You are talking to your grandmother and you keep hearing a noise that is a little irritating to you,but your grandmother does not seem to be bothered by it.Why?
A)She is good at ignoring irritating things.
B)It is a high-pitched noise,so she probably does not hear it.
C)It is a low-pitched noise,so she probably does not hear it.
D)She lip-reads and does not hear any noises.
Q3) What is the term that is used to describe the inevitable biological aging that takes place in all members of the human species?
A)primary aging
B)secondary aging
C)tertiary aging
D)quaternary aging
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Chapter 13: Death and Afterlife Beliefs
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284 Verified Questions
284 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) You and your neighbor have had several discussions regarding religion and politics.She is not from the United States,but your views on religion,faith,and specifically the afterlife are very similar.You both agree that there is life after death.Based on these beliefs,which of the following is most likely her native country?
A)Russia
B)Hungary
C)Bulgaria
D)Chile
Q2) Even in early childhood,most children understand that death is ____; however,for most children it is not until middle childhood that they realize that death is ____.
A)discussable; avoidable
B)avoidable; discussable
C)inevitable; permanent
D)permanent; inevitable
Q3) Your friend tells you that he can't go with you to a concert because he is going home for Yahrzeit.What is this?
Q4) What are two criticisms of Kübler-Ross's stage theory of death and dying?
Q5) Who celebrates the Hungry Ghost Festival and what does this entail?
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