Social and Cultural Diversity Study Guide Questions
Course Introduction
This course explores the complexities of social and cultural diversity within contemporary societies. Students will examine key concepts including identity, culture, race, ethnicity, gender, class, religion, and globalization, with an emphasis on how these factors shape individual and collective experiences. Through analysis of theoretical frameworks and real-world case studies, the course encourages critical thinking about the impact of diversity on social relations, policy, and power dynamics. By fostering intercultural awareness, the course aims to equip students with skills for navigating multicultural environments and for promoting inclusion and equity in various professional and social contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Cultural Anthropology 3rd Edition by
Nancy Bonvillain
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Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology
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Q1) In which subfield of anthropology would a paleoanthropologist work?
A) biological anthropology
B) archaeology
C) cultural anthropology
D) linguistic anthropology
Answer: A
Q2) A/an __________ would work to assess the cultural impacts of a road building project and take measures to protect or remove important cultural finds.
A) archaeologist
B) contract archaeologist
C) museum curator
D) historical archaeologist
Answer: B
Q3) The idea that indigenous societies are unchanged since early human history is __________.
A) a research hypothesis
B) relativistic
C) ethnocentric
D) ethnographic
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: The Nature of Culture
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Q1) __________ is the process of learning one's culture through informal observation and formal instruction.
A) Enculturation
B) Acculturation
C) Behaviorism
D) Observation
Answer: A
Q2) A __________ is an example of how culture organizes the way people think about the world.
A) cultural core
B) set of norms
C) worldview
D) symbol
Answer: C
Q3) Behaviors that vary from expected norms in a society are called __________.
A) criminal
B) deviant
C) immoral
D) abnormal
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Studying Culture
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Q1) __________ can be described as the study of the social functions of cultural traits.
A) Interpretive anthropology
B) Evolutionary anthropology
C) Functionalism
D) Materialism
Answer: C
Q2) The Sanos found that __________ changed their relationships with people in town for the better after their first year in "Riverfront" Wisconsin.
A) the birth of their son
B) their newly acquired American citizenship
C) the death of the local mayor
D) their jobs as university professors
Answer: A
Q3) Which of the following is an example of quantitative data?
A) relationships between members of households within a community
B) descriptions of food gathering techniques
C) sources of income
D) information about how people trace their genealogical relationships
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Language and Culture
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Q1) How do pidgins differ from creoles?
A) Pidgins and creoles are the same.
B) Pidgins are not full languages.
C) Pidgins combine sounds, grammatical forms, and vocabulary from different languages.
D) Pidgins arise during periods of close contact between individuals that speak different languages.
Q2) Why do researchers believe language emerged?
A) displacement
B) productivity
C) symbolism
D) signaling
Q3) __________ is the study of sound systems in language.
A) Phonemics
B) Phonetics
C) Phonology
D) Phrenology
Q4) In your experience, what are some examples of new vocabularies that reflect changing cultural priorities? How are these new words disseminated throughout the population?
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Learning Ones Culture
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Q1) __________ is the process of learning and incorporating attitudes, values, and behaviors so that they seem natural or part of one's nature rather than learned cultural behavior.
A) Psychology
B) Naturalization
C) Personality formation
D) Selfhood
Q2) Children are raised to be cooperative or competitive with each other according to
A) their personalities
B) their future jobs
C) the norm for adult interaction
D) whether they are from wealthy or poor families
Q3) Cognitive tests with Kpelle children show that __________ are culture-specific skills.
A) abstract conceptualization and decontextualized cognition
B) acquisition of multiple languages and vocabulary
C) self-actualization and striving
D) color sight and pattern recognition
Q4) How is gender identity structured in the Western world? Give a few examples.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Making a Living
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Q1) Pastoralists tend to be ?__________ egalitarian than foraging societies in their division of labor, because __________.
A) more; both men and women tend to the animals
B) less; men and boys typically tend to the animals
C) more; both sexes perform the same jobs
D) less; women do not take part in subsistence strategies at all
Q2) In the opening narrative, the Quiche Maya account for the origin of __________.
A) beans
B) corn
C) squash
D) tomatoes
Q3) What are the major differences in community size, composition, and density between foragers and food producers?
Q4) Distribution of meat from large families is a __________ in the cases of both the Inuit and Dobe Ju/'hoansi.
A) first come first serve process
B) emotionally charged and dangerous process
C) source of status and power acquisition
D) highly ritualized process
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Chapter 7: Economic Systems
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Q1) In the International Labor Offices (ILO) 2006 report on child labor, research found __________ in child laborers under the age of fourteen.
A) no difference in genders
B) twice as many boys as girls
C) twice as many girls as boys
D) no information on gender was collected in the report
Q2) What has led to a sharp drop in the number of farms in the United States?
A) intense capital investment and competition
B) increased unemployment
C) industrial agriculture
D) increased competition
Q3) The Pacific Northwest coast potlatch is an example of a system of __________.
A) redistribution
B) rehabilitation
C) resolve
D) reconstruction
Q4) Given what you have read and learned about the causes and effects of the origins of food production, support or refute the idea that food production may have come about as an irreversible accident.
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Chapter 8: Kinship and Descent
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Q1) The __________ system uses kin terms making distinctions only of generation and gender.
A) Hawaiian
B) Crow
C) Eskimo
D) Sudanese
Q2) Matrilineal descent groups do not require the statuses of __________ or __________ to function.
A) father, husband
B) father, uncle
C) father, son
D) father, cousin
Q3) Divorces are more difficult to get in patrilineal systems than matrilineal systems because __________.
A) children are linked to their mothers by birth
B) children are linked by fathers to their lineage, but by birth to their mothers
C) men are less likely to desire divorces
D) women can draw on the support of their patrilineage to resist a divorce
Q4) Using Aboriginal Australians as an example, explain totems in kinship systems.
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Chapter 9: Marriage and the Family
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Q1) Discuss different explanations for the universal incest taboo. What do most anthropologists believe?
Q2) __________ is a pattern of residence after marriage in which the couple alternates between living with the wife's kin and the husband's kin.
A) Matrilocal
B) Patrilocal
C) Peolocal
D) Bilocal
Q3) A __________ is a married couple or other group of adult kinfolk who cooperate economically and in the upbringing of children, and all or most of whom share a common dwelling.
A) household
B) family
C) kindred
D) kin group
Q4) Explain the differences between bridewealth, brideservice, and dowry. In what types of society are each of these likely to be found?
Q5) Describe several economic deterrents to divorce.
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Chapter 10: Gender
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Q1) In Africa and Asia, studies have suggested that modernization has __________.
A) harmed the status of women
B) improved the status of women
C) had little effect on the status of women
D) bypassed women, who still live traditional lives
Q2) One prominent theory to explain the origin of gender-based division of labor is that women were restricted from some activities due to __________.
A) a lack of physical strength
B) a lack of mobility due to their reproductive roles
C) religious taboos
D) differences in brain organization between males and females
Q3) Several horticultural societies in New Guinea, including the Etoro, consider homosexual activity to __________.
A) be punishable by death
B) inhibit normal development
C) enhance a man's physical growth
D) be appropriate only for women
Q4) Compare and contrast attitudes regarding homosexual behavior in the United States and Etoro society.
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Chapter 11: Equality and Inequality
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Q1) The use of __________ is largely responsible for the exposure of underworld trafficking in human organs.
A) INTERPOL
B) undercover ethnography
C) human rights surveys
D) medical checks
Q2) In small homogeneous societies, like the ones formerly studied by anthropologists,
A) all people shared a basic cultural heritage
B) the group was composed of a diverse collection of races
C) social groups were organized into complex caste systems
D) social groups were organized on the basis of achieved status
Q3) The __________ are an ascribed outcast group in Japan who are believed without evidence by most Japanese people to be racially distinct.
A) Koreans
B) Burakumin
C) Ainu
D) Hibakusha
Q4) Discuss the situation of Burakumin as an outgroup in Japan.
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Chapter 12: Political Systems
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Q1) What cultural correlates may be expected to be present in societies which are chiefdoms? Can you think of a group or subculture in our own society with these same attributes?
Q2) Why do you think political systems change? How do these changes occur? Use an example discussed in this chapter to support your answer.
Q3) Northwest Coastal Native American societies used __________ as a way of demonstrating chiefly generosity.
A) caucuses
B) celebratory feasts
C) rodiyaner
D) amhara
Q4) One of the few exceptions to chiefdoms as farming societies were the foraging-based chiefdoms of __________.
A) coastal regions of Southern Africa
B) the Amazon Basin
C) Southern India and Bangladesh
D) the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Conflict and Conflict Resolution
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Q1) The Taita of Kenya relate anger with __________.
A) envy
B) violence
C) emotional freedom
D) illness
Q2) Reciprocal relationships are a point of difficulty in Toraja society because
A) only the extended family can be depended on
B) very high rates of interest are always charged for favors
C) great value is placed on self-sufficiency
D) a person who is denied a request experiences great shame
Q3) Who generally mediates disputes in tribal societies?
A) young hunters
B) a council of village elders
C) individuals from distant villages
D) groups of related women
Q4) Give an overview of warfare as generally practiced by tribal societies. What are the goals and outcomes of such warfare?
Q5) What is the role of reciprocity in conflict avoidance? Use the Toraja culture as an example.
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Chapter 14: Religion
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Q1) Which of the following has NOT been suggested as a reason for the origins of religion in anthropology?
A) explaining the world
B) emotional release
C) social control
D) divine revelation
Q2) In Latino populations, a traditional spiritual disease that healers treat is susto, which is believed to be __________.
A) spirit possession
B) illness brought on by jealousy
C) soul loss
D) similar to mononucleosis
Q3) Which of the following is best described as a taboo?
A) Avoiding the ghosts of dead ancestors.
B) Performing certain rituals only on certain occasions.
C) Avoiding certain foods at certain times such as during pregnancy.
D) Failing to perform the correct rituals for honoring dead ancestors.
Q4) What were cargo cults? What were the rituals and practices of cargo cults in general and what assumptions underlay them? What happened to cargo cults?
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Chapter 15: The Arts
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Q1) Discuss how art is viewed in American society by comparing and contrasting art found at MOMA with that found at the National Gallery.
Q2) In Navajo society, songs __________.
A) are not meant to last and be preserved but, rather, to be created and expressed
B) are carefully preserved property passed from generation to generation within families
C) never used in ritual, but commonly used during menial tasks
D) reserved for use in ritual settings only
Q3) Yoruba aesthetics demand that humans should be shown __________.
A) exactly as the model looks in real life
B) engaged only in ritual activities
C) without the physical flaws of ordinary people
D) only if they are social elites
Q4) What are the commonalities and differences between oral and written literature?
Q5) The first Navajo adaptation to market forces was __________.
A) silversmithing
B) the production of larger sized blankets
C) the mass production of pottery
D) the switch to commercially dyed wool
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Chapter 16: Colonialism and Cultural Transformations
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Q1) Which of the following statements does NOT illustrate the concept of the "white man's burden"?
A) Colonial governments have a duty of association and collaboration towards subject races.
B) Natives deserved to be civilized by the guidance and superiority of the white men.
C) Missionaries in the Americas were saving the natives and doing God's work by saving them.
D) European colonizers have a duty to uphold the customs and traditions of the local indigenous people.
Q2) Which of the following is an example patrilineal descent?
A) a man leaves all of his property to his eldest grandson
B) a woman leaves all of her property to her eldest grandson
C) a man leaves all of his property to his youngest daughter
D) a woman leaves all of her property to her youngest daughter
Q3) Some argue that the media is destroying the traditions of non-Western peoples around the world. Compare the global media to colonialism. Do you agree that the media is responsible for this erosion of local traditions?
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Chapter 17: Living in a Global World
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Q1) Which of the following best describes the role of FUNAI in Brazil?
A) FUNAI "discovers" unknown communities of indigenous peoples.
B) FUNAI encourages contact with indigenous peoples by offering them manufactured goods.
C) FUNAI halts development of land belonging to indigenous peoples.
D) FUNAI keeps track of self-identified Indian people living in small villages, cities and towns.
Q2) In Latin American countries, __________ is the typical pattern for poor young women who migrate from rural to urban areas.
A) first working in factories
B) first working as a domestic laborer
C) first getting married
D) first working in the service sector
Q3) Some theorists, including Jonathon Friedman, have suggested that a new global identity is emerging that is based primarily on __________.
A) religion
B) race
C) nationality
D) class
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