Social and Cultural Change
Final Exam
Course Introduction
This course explores the processes and factors underlying social and cultural change in societies worldwide. Students will examine theoretical frameworks that explain how societies evolve, focusing on economic, political, technological, and ideological influences. Through case studies and comparative analysis, the course investigates key issues such as globalization, urbanization, social movements, gender dynamics, and the impact of media and communication technologies on cultural identities and social norms. Emphasis is placed on understanding both the drivers of change and the resistance that can emerge within communities, providing students with tools to critically analyze the complexities of transformation in contemporary societies.
Recommended Textbook
Cultural Anthropology 14th Edition by
Carol R. Ember
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18 Chapters
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990 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology
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Q1) Anthropology is literally the study of __________.
A) humans
B) fossils
C) history
D) religion
Answer: A
Q2) What is the focus of cross-cultural researchers?
A) They hope to discover general patterns about cultural traits.
B) Their goal is to minimize the effects of cultural homogenization.
C) They are interested in finding the best ways of behaving.
D) They bridge the gap between anthropology and other social sciences.
Answer: A
Q3) Which of the following disciplines would have the greatest overlap with biological anthropology?
A) genetics
B) philosophy
C) history
D) physics
Answer: A
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Culture and Culture Change
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Q1) The conscious or unconscious pressure for cultural __________ will often produce cultural change.
A) consistency
B) innovation
C) relevance
D) superiority
Answer: A
Q2) The adoption and later elimination of the sepaade tradition among the Rendille is an example of __________.
A) intentional cultural change
B) acculturation
C) diffusion
D) a maladaptive custom
Answer: A
Q3) Which of the following is an example of forced acculturation?
A) schools for Native American children
B) the popularity of McDonald's restaurants in Japan
C) teens across Europe watching MTV
D) Inuit hunters using snowmobiles and GPS technology
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Culture and the Individual
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Q1) We often talk about personality types as either "individualist" or "collectivist." What objections have been raised against using this common dichotomy to explore cross-cultural differences in personality?
Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Connection between individual/collective and Western/non-Western dichotomies
2. Examples of other psychological dimensions that do not fit this pattern
3. Differences in ideal versus actual personality types within a culture
Q2) Which of the following would be of interest to a cross-cultural psychologist?
A) the psychological processes in two or more cultures
B) the psychology of a specific group of people
C) how culture influences a person's behavior
D) the differences in mental health across cultures
Answer: A
Q3) American parents __________.
A) stress independence but often reward dependent behaviors
B) stress independence and reward independent behaviors
C) stress dependency and reward dependent behaviors
D) stress dependency but often reward independent behaviors
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Understanding and Explaining Culture
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Q1) While anthropologists often use pseudonyms to protect their study populations, what problem might arise from this practice?
A) It is difficult to conduct follow-up research if the community has been disguised.
B) Using a fake name for the community reduces the credibility of the study's findings.
C) Most anthropologists find the practice disrespectful to study populations.
D) It is unethical to conceal the locations of illegal or otherwise improper behaviors.
Q2) An explanation is an answer to a __________ question.
A) "why"
B) "what"
C) "who"
D) "where"
Q3) Discuss the pros and cons of anthropologists using pseudonyms and fake community names in their publications.
Q4) What are anthropological theoretical orientations? Explain this term using your newly developed understanding of the scientific definitions of theories, hypotheses, and laws. Give specific examples to support your essay.
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6
Chapter 5: Communication and Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) Any system of communication consists of publicly accepted __________ by which individuals try to share private experiences.
A) symbols
B) beliefs
C) ideas
D) facts
Q2) What is the major cause of the disappearance of native languages?
A) The languages are no longer being taught to children.
B) They are not able to create new terms to keep up with technological advances.
C) Most nations have outlawed the use of indigenous languages.
D) It is nearly impossible to learn a language without an associated writing system.
Q3) The earliest writing systems are about __________ years old.
A) 6,000
B) 2,000
C) 3,000
D) 10,000
Q4) Compare and contrast human and nonhuman communication.
Q5) Explain how the field of historical linguistics traces cultural connections through related languages.
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Chapter 6: Getting Food
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Q1) Which horticulturalists are likely to be the most sedentary?
A) those who rely on food from trees that produce for a long time
B) a group that uses slash-and-burn agriculture
C) villages that raise chickens or pigs
D) a group that still relies heavily on foraging
Q2) Beginning about __________ years ago, people in some regions began to depend less on big game and more on relatively stationary food resources such as fish, small game, and wild plants.
A) 14,000
B) 6,000
C) 10,000
D) 3,000
Q3) Imagine a global crisis that wiped out mechanized agriculture across the world. If your society were forced to return to a more localized subsistence strategy, what would be most appropriate for your environment? Explain your answer.
Q4) Compare the Binford-Flannery model with the research of Mark Cohen concerning the origins of food production by around 10,000 years ago. What evidence is required to support each of these theories?
Q5) What social characteristics are associated with foragers and complex foragers?
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Chapter 7: Economic Systems
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Q1) Critically discuss the costs and benefits of having a market exchange economy. What advancements can be gained from this economic system? What social institutions are lost?
Q2) All societies divide labor by what two factors?
A) gender and age
B) productivity and gender
C) class and productivity
D) age and class
Q3) Systems regulating the way goods and services are distributed are closely associated with the society's __________.
A) food-getting technology
B) gendered division of labor
C) dependence on seafood
D) incentives for labor
Q4) Taxation is an indirect form of __________.
A) forced labor
B) reciprocity
C) redistribution
D) voluntary labor
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Chapter 8: Social Stratification: Class, Ethnicity, and Racism
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Q1) How do castes and class systems interact?
A) Castes may exist in conjunction with more open class systems.
B) Castes have been replaced by more open class systems.
C) Castes take the place of more open class systems.
D) Castes are a subset of an open class system.
Q2) Racial classifications are __________ categories.
A) social
B) historical
C) economic
D) biological
Q3) Which of these cultural features is closely associated with class stratification?
A) permanent settlements
B) a gendered division of labor
C) written language
D) a lack of job specialization
Q4) What is the difference between race and ethnicity? How are each of these classifications related to social inequality?
Q5) Does industrialization increase or decrease social inequality? Support your answer.
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Chapter 9: Sex and Gender
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Q1) Cross-cultural research shows that, universally, __________.
A) married women and married men both consider extramarital sex inappropriate
B) married women, but not married men, consider extramarital sex inappropriate
C) married men, but not married women, consider extramarital sex inappropriate
D) neither married men nor married women consider extramarital sex inappropriate
Q2) In contrast to men, women tend to devote all their earnings from economic development to __________.
A) household expenditures
B) savings
C) status symbols
D) community development
Q3) A gender role involves __________.
A) the way societies assign or divide labor by gender
B) the beliefs and attitudes particular to one gender or another
C) ascetic ideas about the way a man or woman should look
D) differential access to resources and power based on gender
Q4) What evidence exists to support the notion that homosexuality is less tolerated in societies that value increasing their population?
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Chapter 10: Marriage and the Family
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Q1) Which theory suggests that the incest taboo was created to ensure that individuals would marry members of other families, thereby creating ties that held communities together?
A) White and Lévi-Strauss's cooperation theory
B) Westermarck's childhood-familiarity theory
C) Malinowski's family-disruption theory
D) Freud's psychoanalytic theory
Q2) Which of the following explanations for the universality of marriage has the most support from the ethnographic record and comparative animal studies?
A) postpartum requirements
B) prolonged infant dependency
C) sexual competition
D) gender division of labor
Q3) Why are young people's attitudes toward marriage now changing among the Na of China?
A) Young people face social pressure in schools.
B) Government initiatives are effectively changing the practice of sese.
C) There is a lack of marriageable women.
D) Economic hardship is forcing young people into Western-style marriages.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Marital Residence and Kinship
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Q1) How common is the neolocal residence pattern practiced by most North Americans?
A) It is very rare, being seen in only about 5 percent of known societies.
B) It is practiced by over half of all known societies.
C) It is fairly uncommon, being found in about one quarter of known societies.
D) It is nearly universal, being found in 99 percent of known societies.
Q2) Many anthropologists suggest that neolocal residence is related to the presence of
A) a commercial economy
B) overpopulation
C) an egalitarian social structure
D) food collecting
Q3) In societies that practice matrilineal descent, a man belongs to the same descent group as his __________.
A) sister's son
B) daughter
C) brother's daughter
D) uncle's mother
Q4) Explain the differences between a lineage and a clan, and give examples of societies that use each descent system.
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Chapter 12: Associations and Interest Groups
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Q1) What are the purposes of unisex associations, and how are their purposes related to the ascribed characteristic of sex?
Q2) The Kafaina groups of Papua New Guinea are considered to be multiethnic associations as well as savings-and-loan associations because they link thousands of women from __________.
A) different tribal areas
B) different clans
C) areas around the globe
D) a variety of social classes
Q3) Compare and contrast ethnic associations with multiethnic associations.
Q4) Where would you be most likely to encounter a wealth of ethnic associations?
A) urban centers of West Africa
B) urban centers of Europe
C) rural areas of Europe
D) rural areas of West Africa
Q5) Associations are different types of groups based on __________.
A) neither kinship nor territory
B) kinship, but not territory
C) both kinship and common territory
D) a common territory, but not kinship
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Chapter 13: Political Life: Social Order and Disorder
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Q1) Which of the following situations is an example of a community action against a transgressor?
A) expulsion for failing to heed a taboo
B) paying a fine for breaking a law
C) retribution for a single act of murder
D) being rejected by a friend after stealing his/her money
Q2) Which family structure would likely predispose a person to a high degree of political participation?
A) extended family
B) polyandrous
C) polygynous
D) single parent
Q3) The Mekranoti have a generally egalitarian society. Despite this, __________ are more likely to become leaders.
A) sons of leaders
B) wealthy men
C) daughters of leaders
D) women with many sons
Q4) What factors are associated with a culture's degree of individual political participation?
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Chapter 14: Religion and Magic
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Q1) What characteristic do ghosts and ancestor spirits share?
A) They are both of human origin.
B) They are both found in all known societies.
C) They are supernatural forces rather than beings.
D) They are both generally forces for good.
Q2) Which of these faiths shows the greatest interest in obtaining converts?
A) Islam
B) Judaism
C) Buddhism
D) Hinduism
Q3) Analyze the different explanations put forth to explain the universality of religion.
Q4) One explanation of the witchcraft phenomenon in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1692 was that __________.
A) political and economic turmoil led to fear and a search for scapegoats
B) the men wanted the loose women of the community removed
C) many women were involved in a coven
D) the women who were accused were unfit mothers
Q5) Outline the ways in which people interact with the supernatural.
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Chapter 15: The Arts
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Q1) Across cultures, masks seem to portray facial expressions in the same way. Threatening faces tend to be more __________, and nonthreatening ones are more
A) angular; rounded
B) hairy; angular
C) bumpy; hairy
D) rounded; bumpy
Q2) Which of these is an example of body decoration for sexual provocation?
A) lipstick
B) a crown
C) an expensive handbag
D) uniforms
Q3) How might a historian interpret the Garden of Eden tale?
A) Men lived in blissful ignorance until women invented agriculture.
B) It reflects men's deeply hidden fears of female sexuality.
C) Literacy and other forms of knowledge brought irreversible social change.
D) It encourages men to control their wives, who are apt to make bad decisions.
Q4) What information about a society is reflected in its folklore? Give specific examples.
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Chapter 16: Practicing and Applying Anthropology
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Q1) CRM archaeologists use a(n) __________ to determine how to protect or salvage as much of the archaeological record as possible before a major building project.
A) mitigation plan
B) improvement scheme
C) salvage arrangement
D) alleviation program
Q2) If an employer expects an anthropologist to conduct work that violates the professional code of ethics, and the anthropologist cannot convince the employer to change the practices, what does the National Association for the Practice of Anthropology recommend?
A) withdraw from the work
B) complete the current contract
C) write a letter of complaint
D) file a lawsuit against the employer
Q3) How has the role of anthropologists as collaborators or advocates changed over the years? Give specific examples.
Q4) How does a "top down" approach differ from policy changes based on community participation? How do environmental anthropologists approach change programs?
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Chapter 17: Health and Illness
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Q1) Patients with __________ education are __________ likely to seek alternatives to physicians.
A) more; more
B) less; more
C) scientific; less
D) religious; less
Q2) Which of these is a goal of ethnomedicine?
A) discovering the health-related beliefs, knowledge, and practices of a cultural group
B) reducing the cost of health care to minority populations
C) understanding the risk factors and treatment strategies for infectious disease
D) developing new vaccines and medical strategies based on tribal medicine
Q3) Why do the poor often have more exposure to disease than wealthier people?
A) They live in more crowded conditions.
B) They tend to be dirty.
C) They are uneducated on how to get rid of disease.
D) They are just unlucky.
Q4) Compare and contrast the methods used by physicians and shamans.
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19
Chapter 18: Global Problems
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Q1) In their study of the homeless in New York City, Ellen Baxter and Kim Hopper found that __________.
A) poverty and disability lead to a series of crises, ending in homelessness
B) one event is sufficient to render a person homeless
C) homelessness is a choice, and there are many opportunities for adequate shelter
D) once people become homeless, they tend to stay that way for the rest of their lives
Q2) Lewis Aptekar found that street children in Cali, Colombia, were __________ than their siblings who stay at home.
A) in better physical and mental shape
B) shorter and thinner
C) more likely to be disabled
D) more likely to be abused
Q3) People in nonindustrial societies mostly go to war __________.
A) as a hedge against the unpredictability of natural disasters
B) for religious reasons
C) as an unconscious means of population control
D) out of self-defense
Q4) What social factors increase the likelihood of family violence?
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