Senior Seminar in Psychology
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
The Senior Seminar in Psychology is a capstone course designed to integrate and synthesize students knowledge across the major psychological subfields. Emphasizing critical analysis, communication, and independent research skills, the seminar engages students in reading and discussing primary literature, exploring current issues and debates, and completing a substantial research project or thesis. Through presentations, group discussions, and reflective assignments, students demonstrate their understanding of psychological theories, methodologies, and ethical considerations, preparing them for graduate study or professional careers in psychology and related disciplines.
Recommended Textbook
An Introduction to the History of Psychology 6th Edition by B. R. Hergenhahn
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Q1) A scientific theory has several functions.Which of the following is not a function of scientific theory?
A)organize empirical observations
B)generate confirmable propositions
C)act as a guide for future observations
D)to guide the scientist in rational descriptions
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following is not emphasized by the physical determinist?
A)conflicts
B)genes
C)environmental stimuli
D)cultural customs
Answer: A
Q3) Psychology has always been and is still defined as the study of the psyche or mind.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 2: The Early Greek Philosophers
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Q1) Protagorus,the best known Sophist,presented the Sophist's position.Which of the following is not representative of the position?
A)truth depends on the perceiver,not on physical reality
B)perceptions vary from person to person because previous experiences of individuals affect their perceptions
C)what is truth is not affected by the culture one lives in
D)to understand why a person believes as he or she does,one must understand the person
Answer: C
Q2) For Heraclitus,the important aspect about nature is that it is in a constant state of change.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Empedocles proposed that the world was made of 4 elements - earth,fire,air,and water.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 4
Chapter 3: After Aristotle: A Search for the Good Life
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Q1) Those who said so-called universals were nothing more than convenient verbal labels were called:
A)nominalists
B)realists
C)rationalists
D)nativists
Answer: A
Q2) In addition to making a comprehensive review of Aristotle's works and the Islamic and Jewish scholar's interpretation of Aristotle's works,____ was the first since the Greeks to attempt to learn about nature by making careful empirical observations.
A)St.Anselm
B)Lombard
C)Abelard
D)Magnus
Answer: D
Q3) Maimonides sought to reconcile Judaism and Aristotelian philosophy.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: The Beginnings of Modern Science and Philosophy
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Q1) Pico believed all of the following except:
A)humans are perfect and thus have no need to change
B)if properly understood,all philosophical viewpoints were essentially in agreement
C)all human works should be respected
D)there could not be peace among philosophical and religious rivals
Q2) After a painful search,Descartes concluded that the only thing of which he could be certain was:
A)Scholasticism
B)the writings of Plato,Aristotle,and the early Christian philosophers
C)the fact that he doubted
D)the fact that he had no doubts
Q3) Newton believed that his work:
A)revealed nature's secrets
B)proved that there was no God
C)showed that the universe was anything but a machine
D)showed that a mathematical analysis of the material world was impossible
Q4) Briefly describe the major themes of Renaissance humanism.
Q5) Describe the characteristics of Baconian science and his four sources of error (the idols).
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Chapter 5: Empiricism,Sensationalism,and Positivism
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Q1) All of the British empiricists following Hobbes used the concept of ____ to explain why mental events are experienced or remembered in a particular order.
A)free will
B)association
C)rationality
D)intelligence
Q2) If what is meant by psychology is the introspective analysis of the mind,then according to Comte psychology was:
A)metaphysical nonsense
B)a possibility
C)the only valid psychology
D)the groundwork from which a positivistic science could develop
Q3) It was the metaphor of humans as ____ that especially appealed to the French sensationalists.
A)statues
B)machines
C)animals
D)free-agents
Q4) Discuss Comte's positivism and his religion of humanity.
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Chapter 6: Rationalism
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Q1) Describe Kant's categories of thought and causes of mental experience.
Q2) ____ can be viewed as parallelism with divine intervention.
A)Occasionalism
B)Idealistic monism
C)Epiphenomenalism
D)Materialistic monism
Q3) By alienation,Hegel meant the realization that:
A)one's mind existed apart from The Absolute B)people were separated from the fruits of their labor
C)people become separated from their natural tendency toward self-actualization
D)people had become separated from their basic roots in nature
Q4) By equating God and nature,Spinoza:
A)eliminated the distinction between the sacred and the secular
B)denied the existence of an anthropomorphic God and revelation
C)embraced pantheism
D)all of these choices
Q5) Hegel's process for seeking knowledge was the one proposed by Aristotle.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Describe Hegel's dialectic process.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Romanticism and Existentialism
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Q1) According to Nietzsche,the difference between freedom and slavery is:
A)freedom
B)an illusion
C)a matter of choice
D)a miracle
Q2) Hobbes,along with many theologians and philosophers,believed human nature to be ____,whereas Rousseau believed it to be basically ____.
A)rational;impulsive
B)good;animalistic
C)animalistic;good
D)good;selfish
Q3) According to Schopenhauer,when the blind,aimless universal will manifested itself in a particular organism it became:
A)a communion with God
B)the will to survive
C)a revealed truth
D)essentially the same thing as what the empiricists called an idea
Q4) Describe Schopenhauer's concept of the will to survive.
Q5) Describe Kierkegaard's ideas on truth and knowing God.
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Chapter 8: Early Developments in Physiology and the Rise of Experimental Psychology
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Q1) Following Spinoza,Fechner believed that:
A)only matter existed
B)only consciousness existed
C)consciousness is as prevalent in the universe as is matter
D)both bodily and mental events existed but they were parallel to each other and therefore did not interact
Q2) The part of the cortex known as Wernicke's area is associated with:
A)speech comprehension
B)visual analysis
C)speech articulation
D)motor movement differentiation
Q3) Compare and contrast Helmholtz's theory of color vision and Hering's theory of color vision.
Q4) Müller's contention that there were five types of sensory nerves,each containing a characteristic energy,was called:
A)the Bell-Magendie law
B)the doctrine of specific nerve energies
C)the principle of the conservation of energy
D)the law of forward conduction
Q5) Discuss Müller's doctrine of specific nerve energies and its implications.
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Chapter 9: Voluntarism,Structuralism,and Other Early
Approaches to Psychology
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Q1) Unlike ____,which is passive and automatic,____ is active and voluntary.
A)apperception;perception
B)perception;apperception
C)attention;creative synthesis
D)creative synthesis;attention
Q2) Titchener wanted his subjects to report perceptions,not just sensations.
A)True
B)False
Q3) For Titchener,the goals of psychology were the what,how,and why of mental life.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Concerning verbal communication,Wundt referred to the unified idea that one wishes to convey as a(n):
A)general impression
B)unconscious inference
C)Völkerpsychologie
D)creative synthesis
Q5) The first psychology lab was created by Wundt in 1879.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: The Darwinian Influence
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Q1) Binet disagreed with Stern's use of the intelligence quotient because:
A)he believed intelligence was too complex to be represented by a number
B)he thought the equation was too complex
C)there was not enough data to support the quotient
D)it could not distinguish between normal and mentally retarded children
Q2) Which of the following best summarizes Darwin's view of the evolutionary process?
A)to evolve is to progress
B)evolution always occurs in the direction of increased perfection
C)evolution just happens
D)evolution always occurs in the direction of increased differentiation
Q3) Darwin defined fitness in terms of an organism's:
A)strength
B)contribution to individual survival
C)ability to survive and reproduce
D)intelligence
Q4) Mental orthopedics consisted of exercises to improve a child's reading and logical thinking.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Functionalism
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Q1) Mary Whiton Calkins,after years of dealing with the administration,finally received her Ph.D.from Harvard in 1902.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following was a theme running through functionalism?
A)an interest in pure rather than applied science
B)an interest in what all humans have in common
C)an interest in the function of the mind rather than its contents
D)a search for the elements of thought
Q3) For James,by controlling one's thoughts,one:
A)controls one's behavior
B)controls one's emotions
C)places oneself in certain situations
D)loses control of behavior
Q4) Dewey wrote The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology,which many believe marked the beginning of functionalism.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Briefly discuss the work of the functionalists,Dewey,Angell,and Carr,at the University of Chicago.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Behaviorism
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Q1) Pavlov originally called conditioned reflexes "psychic reflexes".
A)True
B)False
Q2) In their research on Albert,Watson and Rayner found that in addition to becoming fearful of the rat,Albert also became fearful of other furry objects.Albert's fear of furry objects other than the rat is an example of:
A)discrimination
B)disinhibition
C)generalization
D)spontaneous recovery
Q3) For Watson,the goal of psychology was to:
A)solve the mind-body problem
B)predict and control behavior
C)discover the elements of thought
D)show that human animals and nonhuman animals are essentially the same
Q4) In his explanation of learning,which of the following did Watson accept:
A)Thorndike's law of effect
B)Pavlov's concept of the cortical mosaic
C)the associative principles of contiguity and frequency
D)Thorndike's concept of a "satisfying state of affairs"
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Neobehaviorism
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Q1) During the early stages of hypothesis formation,an organism may ponder alternatives at the choice point.This apparent pondering is called:
A)expectancy
B)vicarious trial and error
C)belief formation
D)cognitive map formation
Q2) The Skinnerian version of behavior therapy:
A)has yet to be used effectively
B)uses punishment extensively
C)believes that behavior must be altered with pharmacological agents
D)assumes that abnormal behavior is learned in the same way as any normal behavior
Q3) In all of the applications of Skinnerian principles,which of the following general rules is always the same?
A)change subjective reality and you change behavior
B)change expectancies and you change behavior
C)change reinforcement contingencies and you change behavior
D)change patterns of stimulation and you change behavior
Q4) Discuss logical positivism and its implications for the science of psychology.
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Chapter 14: Gesalt Psychology
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Q1) In their research on group dynamics Lewin,Lippitt,and White found the ____ group to be highly productive and friendly.
A)laissez-faire
B)authoritarian
C)democratic
D)smallest
Q2) Describe the phi phenomenon and how it was explained by Wertheimer.
Q3) The "phi phenomenon" investigated by Wertheimer was:
A)the observation of simultaneous sounds as one
B)the observation of different colors when observing a spinning series of lines
C)the observation of apparent movement
D)the observation of flashing lights as one light
Q4) Teams wearing different uniforms stand out in two separate groups on a field.This is an example of the principle of similarity.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe the law of Prägnanz and how it was explained by the Gestaltists.
Q6) Briefly discuss the work of Lewin,including the concept of life space,motivation,and conflict.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Early Diagnosis, Explanation, and Treatment of Mental Illness
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Q1) Benjamin Rush urged that patients be unchained,no longer punished,and be allowed to go for pleasant walks.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Who noted the effectiveness of herbal remedies in treating mental and physical disorders and claimed that health resulted when people were in harmony with the "universal spirit"?
A)Paracelsus
B)Agrippa
C)Weyer
D)Plater
Q3) The ____ model of mental illness assumes that all disease is the result of the malfunctioning of some aspect of the body,mainly the brain.
A)psychological
B)supernatural
C)medical
D)contagious
Q4) Briefly discuss the history of the gradual improvement in treatment of the mentally ill.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Psychoanalysis
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Q1) Breuer observed that every time he traced a symptom to its origin,it was usually a traumatic experience that caused physical symptoms.These were called ____ ideas.
A)pathogenic
B)apperceptive
C)complex
D)cathartic
Q2) All of the following are true of primary processes except:
A)they are irrational
B)they tolerate no time lapse between the onset of a need and its satisfaction
C)they exist on the unconscious level
D)they provide real satisfactions of needs instead of imaginary ones
Q3) Who discovered the processes of sublimation,repression,and resistance first?
A)Herbart
B)Leibniz
C)Schopenhauer
D)Freud
Q4) Describe some of the basic tenets of psychoanalysis put forth in Studies on Hysteria.
Q5) Describe the basic components of Freud's theory of personality.
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Chapter 17: Early Alternatives to Psychoanalysis
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Q1) Anna Freud not only perpetuated her father's ideas,she extended them into new areas such as:
A)child analysis
B)education
C)child rearing
D)all of these choices
Q2) Which of the following is not one of the major characteristics of developmental lines that Anna.Freud discussed?
A)from dependency to emotional self-reliance
B)from sucking to rational eating
C)from parental control to individual control
D)from play to work
Q3) Of all human relationships,Horney believed the relationship between ____ to be the most important.
A)brother and sister
B)husband and wife
C)lovers
D)parent and child
Q4) Describe/discuss Jung's concept of the collective unconscious and the archetype.
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Chapter 18: Humanistic Third-Forcepsychology
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Q1) All of the following statements is accepted by both existential and humanistic psychology except:
A)humans are free and therefore responsible for their actions
B)elementism of any type gives a distorted view of humans
C)nothing can be learned about humans by studying nonhuman animals
D)humans are basically good and if not interfered with would live in peace and harmony
Q2) Myths serve several functions.Which of the following is not a function?
A)provide a sense of identity
B)provide a means of dealing with the mysteries of creation
C)support our moral values
D)provide a sense of strong independence
Q3) Husserl's ____ studied the processes of the mind independent of the physical world.Its purpose was to discover the essence of conscious experience;basically it involved the person turned inward.
A)intentionality
B)pure phenomenology
C)ontology
D)Dasein
Q4) List and describe the basic tenets of humanistic psychology.
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Chapter 19: Psychobiology
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Q1) The Brelands referred to the interference or displacement of learned behavior by instinctive behavior as:
A)response generalization
B)the habit family hierarchy
C)instinctual drift
D)more than one of these choices
Q2) The professional relationship between Watson and Lashley was strained because:
A)Watson was too obsessed with finding the neurophysiological correlates of learning
B)Lashley's research did not support Watson's switchboard conception of the brain
C)Watson was interested in the learning process and Lashley was not
D)Lashley found Watson's Gestalt orientation intolerable
Q3) Describe the Brelands' work with instinctual drift and its impact on behavioral psychology,and describe what is meant by the preparedness continuum.
Q4) The Brelands believed that their observations with instinctive drift contradicted three assumptions the behaviorists made.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 20: Cognitive Psychology
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Q1) Cybernetics:
A)is the study of motivational systems in humans
B)is the study of the structure and function of information-processing systems
C)is interested in how mechanical or biological systems can achieve a goal or maintain a balance by using feedback from their own activities
D)is both the study of the structure and function of information-processing systems and is interested in how mechanical or biological systems can achieve a goal or maintain a balance by using feedback from their own activities
Q2) Information-processing psychology follows in the rationalistic tradition and therefore does not have a nativistic component.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Miller argued that the symposium at MIT did much to delay the development of modern cognitive psychology.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Discuss the development of new connectionism.
Q5) Describe and discuss information-processing psychology.
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Chapter 21: Contemporary Psychology
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Q1) Which of the following is true?
A)The APA currently has approximately 100,000 members.
B)In 2005,72% of new Ph.D.s in psychology were obtained by women.
C)In 2005,72% of new Ph.D.s in psychology were obtained by men.
D)APA members can only belong to one division.
Q2) According to Sternberg and Grigorenko,what creates unproductive diversity within psychology?
A)the tension between those who hold Ph.D.s and those who hold Psy.D.s
B)the tendency of psychologists to identify with a specific perspective or methodology
C)the tension between academic and clinical psychologists
D)the tension between the APA and the APS
Q3) During the 1920's and 1930's when several schools of thought existed in psychology,there was:
A)active cooperation among the schools
B)a lack of research activity
C)open hostility among members of the various schools
D)active cooperation among the schools and a lack of research activity
Q4) Briefly describe the discussion in the text regarding psychology's two cultures.
Q5) Discuss the tension between pure scientific psychology and applied psychology.
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