Seminar in Social Psychology Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
This course offers an in-depth exploration of current theories, research, and controversies within the field of social psychology. Through a seminar format, students will engage in critical analysis of topics such as social cognition, attitude formation, group dynamics, prejudice, interpersonal relationships, and the influence of culture on behavior. Emphasis is placed on understanding and evaluating empirical research, participating in discussions, and developing presentations or projects that synthesize key concepts. The course aims to enhance students ability to apply social psychological principles to real-world situations and to foster advanced scholarly dialogue among participants.
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Social Psychology 5th Edition by Tom Gilovich
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Page 2
Chapter 1: An Invitation to Social Psychology
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Q1) Activation of the ________ is associated with our gut feelings (particularly fear)in response to environmental stimuli,whereas activation of the ________ seems to heighten in response to rewards.
A) nucleus accumbens; amygdala
B) amygdala; nucleus accumbens
C) prefrontal cortex; amygdala
D) amygdala; prefrontal cortex
Answer: B
Q2) The naturalistic fallacy refers to the claim that
A) things should be different from the way they are now.
B) people can overcome many things they are predisposed to do.
C) the process of evolution can select for disadvantageous characteristics.
D) the way things are is the way they should be.
Answer: D
Q3) In an independent culture,a person's sense of self tends to be based largely on A) personal achievements.
B) bringing credit to his or her family.
C) political or religious values.
D) group membership.
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: The Methods of Social Psychology
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Q1) Open science practices include
A) examining research proposals and making judgments about the ethical appropriateness of the research.
B) sharing data and research materials with the broader scientific community to increase the integrity and replicability of research.
C) being open with participants about the purpose of the research or the meaning of something that is done to them.
D) directly asking participants if they understood the instructions and found the setup to be reasonable.
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following is the best example of observational research?
A) living with a group of people and observing their behavior
B) reviewing historical records to find trends in behavior patterns
C) examining the relationship between two variables
D) recording participants' responses on questionnaires
Answer: A
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4
Chapter 3: The Social Self
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Q1) Frank Sulloway's (1996,2001)research on the relationship between birth order and personality shows that
A) younger siblings tend to be more agreeable than older siblings.
B) older siblings tend to be less honest than younger siblings.
C) younger and older siblings are equally open to novel ideas and experiences.
D) older siblings tend to be less achievement oriented than younger siblings.
Answer: A
Q2) Recall that Berglas and Jones (1978)led male participants to believe that they were going to either succeed or have difficulty on an upcoming test.Next,participants were given the chance to ingest either a performance-enhancing drug or a performance-inhibiting drug.Who preferred the performance-inhibiting drug?
A) all participants, regardless of their beliefs about success or difficulty
B) no participants, regardless of their beliefs about success or difficulty
C) participants who thought they would succeed on the test
D) participants who thought they would have difficulty on the test
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Social Cognition: Thinking About
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Q1) Kahneman and Tversky (1973)found that a majority of participants mistakenly believed there were more words in the English language that start with the letter r than words that have r in the third position.These results demonstrate the functioning of
A) the availability heuristic.
B) the regression fallacy.
C) the representativeness heuristic.
D) an illusory correlation.
Q2) Explain how schemas can influence: (a)attention; (b)inferences about other people; and (c)behavior.
Q3) Recall that Chapman and Chapman (1967)studied how experienced clinical psychologists and college students would interpret individuals' responses to the Draw-a-Person test,which often is used to diagnose psychiatric disorders.Results showed that ________ perceived illusory correlations between individuals' mental disorders and their drawings.
A) only the students
B) only the clinicians
C) both the students and the clinicians
D) neither the students nor the clinicians
Q4) Describe top-down processing and bottom-up processing.
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Chapter 5: Social Attribution: Explaining Behavior
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Q1) Actors' and observers' attributions differ for many reasons.Which of the following is NOT one of those reasons?
A) They have different assumptions about what needs explaining.
B) Different types of information are perceptually salient to them.
C) They differ in the amount and kind of information they have about the actors' and the observers' behavior.
D) They have the same information about their own versus others' behavior.
Q2) Someone with an optimistic explanatory style is likely to make which types of attributions for success?
A) internal, stable, specific
B) internal, stable, global
C) internal, unstable, global
D) external, unstable, specific
Q3) The just world hypothesis,believing that good things happen to good people,is used to explain which psychological phenomenon?
A) the fundamental attribution error
B) the covariation principle
C) the augmentation principle
D) the cultural priming effect
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Emotion
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Q1) Emotions such as sympathy,concern,and compassion are triggered by concerns about ________ and motivate prosocial behavior toward people who are vulnerable.
A) fairness
B) harm
C) loyalty/betrayal
D) purity
Q2) It is the first time Phan has walked through Yosemite Park and she feels immense awe at the beauty of the giant mountains and expansive vistas.According to research on awe,Phan is also likely feeling a sense of
A) how important she is in the grand scheme of things.
B) deep understanding about the world and the way it works.
C) common humanity and connectedness to others.
D) superiority over other people she knows.
Q3) The ________ approach assumes that emotions mobilize adaptive responses to survival threats.
A) physiological
B) evolutionary
C) interdependent
D) cultural
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Attitudes, Behavior, and Rationalization
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Q1) Challenge the assumption that the experience of cognitive dissonance emerges in similar ways across cultures.
Q2) Lenora can't decide whether to buy a new video game or a new pair of jeans with the birthday money her grandmother gave her.Although she likes both video games and new clothes,she has to make a choice and decides to go with the video game.Right after buying the game,however,she experiences a lot of negative emotion because she really liked the jeans but did not buy them.In this example,the negative emotional state Lenora experiences after buying the video game despite liking the jeans is called
A) dissonance.
B) embodiment.
C) overjustification.
D) rationalization.
Q3) ________ theory states that people are motivated to see the existing sociopolitical setup as fair,desirable,and legitimate.
A) System justification
B) Terror management
C) Cognitive dissonance
D) Self-perception
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9
Chapter 8: Persuasion
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Q1) One study found that head nodding led to greater persuasion when arguments were strong but less persuasion when arguments were weak.How did the researchers explain these findings?
A) Nodding should enhance confidence in one's own favorable or unfavorable thoughts.
B) Nodding should reduce confidence in one's own favorable or unfavorable thoughts.
C) Nodding should enhance confidence in source credibility.
D) Nodding should reduce confidence in source credibility.
Q2) Recall that Carl Hovland and his colleagues broke down persuasive messages into three components.Which of the following questions emphasizes the component called source characteristics?
A) Are people more likely to take a trip to Florida if they are in college?
B) Are people more likely to buy a car if they know how its engine works?
C) Are people more likely to buy a cleaning product if they are in a good mood?
D) Are people more likely to buy a brand of aspirin that is recommended by the American Medical Association?
Q3) Define metacognition and describe how it influences persuasion.
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Chapter 9: Social Influence
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Q1) Define informational social influence and normative social influence and describe two circumstances under which people are more likely to be swayed by informational as opposed to normative social influence.
Q2) Researchers asked Catholics to donate to the March of Dimes either when they were on their way into church for confession,or when they were on their way out.In support of the argument that ________ influences compliance,results revealed that
A) a positive mood; people gave more money before confession
B) guilt; people gave more money before confession
C) a positive mood; people gave less money before confession
D) guilt; people gave less money before confession
Q3) How have norm-based approaches been used to curb binge drinking on college campuses? What explains the effectiveness of these approaches?
Q4) Describe two factors that likely increased obedience in both the Milgram experiments and the events in Nazi Germany that took place leading up to and during the Holocaust.
Q5) Evaluate the claim that participants in the Milgram experiments who delivered the maximum level of shock must have been uncaring or sadistic by nature.
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Chapter 10: Relationships and Attraction
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Q1) Describe how comparison level and comparison level for alternatives influence people's evaluations of the costs and rewards in their relationships,according to social exchange theory.
Q2) Infants characterized as securely attached in Ainsworth's strange situation paradigm tended to
A) comfortably explore a novel environment. B) prefer to stay in close contact with their caregivers. C) show no distress when their caregivers left the room. D) reject attention from their caregivers.
Q3) Susie is participating in research that assesses the strength of her bond with her partner.As part of this research,she is asked,"All things considered,how attractive are the people other than your partner with whom you could become involved?" Which element of the commitment model of relationships is this question measuring?
A) rewards
B) alternative partners
C) investments
D) satisfaction
Q4) Identify and define the so-called Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse and explain why they are toxic to relationships.
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Chapter 11: Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination
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Q1) In one study,white participants were faster to identify a weapon as a weapon when it was preceded by a picture of an African-American face as opposed to a white face.Subsequent research suggests that this effect is due to A) a stereotypical association between handguns and African-Americans. B) generally negative attitudes toward African-Americans. C) controlled processing of information about African-Americans. D) motivated inattention to stereotype-inconsistent information.
Q2) Research suggests that stereotyping can sometimes be ________ because it can ________ our social environment.
A) justified; increase our attention to the details of B) useful; decrease the time and effort needed to deal with C) destructive; lead us to introspect too much about D) harmful; decrease the predictability of
Q3) Imagine that you are a teacher and want to put the principles of the jigsaw classroom into practice.Describe a class activity that you could use and explain how it should help promote more positive intergroup attitudes.
Q4) Define modern racism and give an example of one method that researchers have used to measure it.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Groups
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Q1) The spotlight effect involves
A) wanting more attention from others than one typically receives.
B) perceiving oneself in an unrealistically favorable light.
C) overestimating the degree to which one's appearance and behavior are noticed by others.
D) remembering social experiences better than solitary experiences.
Q2) What distinguishes the concept of authority from status and dominance?
A) It is a behavior enacted with the goal of obtaining power.
B) It involves an evaluation of respect and prominence.
C) It involves the use of force to exert power over others.
D) It refers to power that derives from institutionalized roles or arrangements.
Q3) Describe a real-world event that illustrates the phenomenon of groupthink.In addition,explain how its occurrence could have been avoided.
Q4) In order to prevent the occurrence of groupthink,a group leader should
A) refrain from making his or her opinion known at the beginning of the discussion.
B) decrease the group's exposure to opinions of nongroup members.
C) dismiss group members who are critical of the prevailing opinion.
D) increase the cohesiveness of the group.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Aggression
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Q1) Sanday (1981,1997)investigated the connection between sexual attitudes and the prevalence of rape in the cultures that she studied.Which of the following statements best summarizes her findings?
A) Sexually repressed cultures had more incidents of rape overall.
B) Cultures with taboos against premarital sex had more incidents of rape.
C) Sexually repressed cultures had more incidents of rape among young people.
D) There was no connection between sexual repression and the prevalence of rape.
Q2) In a study conducted in the 1980s during the height of student protests against apartheid in South Africa (Ross & Stillinger,1991),students gave high ratings to a plan to divest university funds from South African companies when the plan was presented in the abstract.However,when the same plan was actually proposed by the university administration,students gave it lower ratings because they saw the university administration as "the other side." This is an example of
A) reactive devaluation.
B) conflict negotiation.
C) dehumanization.
D) power-based negotiations.
Q3) Explain the connection between social rejection and aggression from an evolutionary perspective.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Altruism and Cooperation
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Q1) In the ________ strategy for the prisoner's dilemma game,an individual cooperates in the first round,and in all later rounds mimics the other person's behavior.
A) competitive
B) cooperative
C) tit-for-tat
D) evolutionary
Q2) Describe a hypothetical scenario in which a person needs help but is unlikely to receive it due to diffusion of responsibility.Next,list two things that the person could say or do to increase his or her odds of receiving help.
Q3) A group of people who observe a bicycle accident try to help the victim of that emergency.This is an example of
A) reciprocal empathy.
B) eyewitness altruism.
C) bystander intervention.
D) diffusion of responsibility.
Q4) Is the altruism toward non-kin consistent with evolutionary theory? Why or why not?
Q5) Give an example of how construal processes can influence cooperation.
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Chapter 15: Application Module 1 : Social Psychology and Health
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Q1) Explain how differences in social and physical environments of upper- and lower-socioeconomic status (SES)neighborhoods can contribute to health disparities.
Q2) While there are many possible reasons why lonely people are prone to physical health problems,Research by Kiecolt-Glaser and Glaser (1995)suggests that these individual
A) do not have close others who advocate for healthcare checkups.
B) have chronically high cortisol levels.
C) have a genetic marker associated with health issues.
D) question whether it is worth their time and money to take good care of themselves.
Q3) What is the correct sequence of biological responses that begin when we experience stress and result in the production of the stress hormone cortisol?
A) Hypothalamus Pituitary Glands Adrenal Glands Amygdala
B) Hypothalamus Pituitary Glands Amygdala Adrenal Glands
C) Amygdala Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland Adrenal Glands
D) Adrenal Glands Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland Amygdala
Q4) Explain how rumination may contribute to chronic stress and then describe one way that rumination can be reduced.
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Chapter 16: Application Module 2 : Social Psychology and Educatio
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Q1) Explain the principle of entertainment-education and give an example of how it could be utilized in current American television or other media to influence people's attitudes and behaviors regarding a certain value.
Q2) Lehman and Nisbett (1990)studied the effects of different college majors on students' ability to use statistical and methodological principles in their reasoning.What did they find?
A) Students who majored in the humanities improved their reasoning abilities the most.
B) College major did not influence students' reasoning abilities.
C) Students majoring in psychology and other social sciences improved their reasoning abilities the most.
D) Students majoring in the natural sciences improved their reasoning abilities the most.
Q3) According to the textbook,there is ________ evidence that people of Asian heritage are genetically ________ intelligent.
A) strong; more
B) modest; more
C) no good; more
D) modest; less
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Chapter 17: Application Module 3 :social Psychology and the Law
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Q1) People's assessments of the fairness of processes leading to legal outcomes is called A) retribution perceptions.
B) procedural justice.
C) legal justice.
D) bias perceptions.
Q2) Alan is on the jury for a theft-related crime.After hearing the evidence,Alan feels anger toward the defendant and a general sense of outrage.What types of attributions has Alan likely made about the defendant?
A) The defendant did not intend to commit the crime and the crime reflects a stable part of the defendant's character.
B) The defendant did not intend to commit the crime and the crime does not reflect anything stable about the defendant's character.
C) The defendant intended to commit the crime but the crime does not reflect anything stable about the defendant's character.
D) The defendant intended to commit the crime and the crime reflects a stable part of the defendant's character.
Q3) Explain how stereotypes can lead to biases in our criminal justice system.
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