Seminar in Biographical Studies in Psychology
Pre-Test Questions
Course Introduction
This course offers an in-depth exploration of major figures in the field of psychology through a biographical lens, examining how their personal experiences, historical contexts, and intellectual environments influenced the development of psychological theories and practices. Students will engage with a range of primary and secondary sources, critically analyzing the lives and contributions of key psychologists while reflecting on the broader impact of biography as a method of understanding psychological innovation. The seminar encourages discussion, research, and critical thought, enabling students to appreciate the interplay between individual life stories and the evolution of psychological science.
Recommended Textbook
Pioneers of Psychology 5th Edition by Raymond
E. Fancher
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Chapter 1: Introduction: Studying the History of Psychology
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Q1) The process whereby local or national contexts influence the development of psychology,including the way in which ideas from other contexts are imported from elsewhere and altered to fit local conditions,is referred to as A) the continuity-discontinuity debate.
B) historicism.
C) the zeitgeist.
D) indigenization.
Answer: D
Q2) Historical anecdotes and accounts that are oversimplified,misleading,or completely incorrect and that are passed down from one generation of textbooks to another to impart a sense of tradition is something historian of psychology Franz Samelson called A) historiography.
B) progressivism.
C) the origin myth process.
D) new history of psychology.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Foundational Ideas from Antiquity
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Q1) In the course of his dialogues with his students,Socrates emphasized the mind's inborn properties.This approach to mental philosophy is known as A) rationalism.
B) empiricism.
C) interactive dualism.
D) nativism.
Answer: D
Q2) Indo-Arabic numerals encompassed an infinite series of numbers that could be studied in completely abstract terms and arranged into various categories.This study of "pure" numbers and their interrelationships gave rise to a new mathematical field known as
A) geometry.
B) ideal forms.
C) algebra.
D) number theory.
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Pioneering Philosophers of Mind: Descartes, Locke, and Leibniz
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Q1) sentient monads
A)form material objects when clustered together
B)controls and contains the entirety of the universe
C)possess capacity for simple perception
D)the soul or mind of human beings
Answer: C
Q2) Leibniz agreed with Locke that "There is nothing in the intellect that was not first in the senses," with the exception of what?
A) the emotions
B) the mind itself
C) the bare monads
D) imagination
Answer: B
Q3) Descartes accounted mechanistically for emotional influences on behavior by postulating
A) currents and "commotions" in the reservoir of animal spirits.
B) learned reactions to external stimuli.
C) variations in the intensity with which stimuli strike the senses.
D) an "emotional" soul.
Answer: A
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Physiologists of Mind: Brain Scientists from Gall to Penfield
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Q1) Damage to Wernicke's area produces
A) inability to understand the spoken words of others or oneself and mispronunciation in one's own speech.
B) inability to understand the spoken words of others or oneself and inability to utter declarative sentences.
C) inability to repeat aloud things that are said to oneself and mispronunciation in one's own speech.
D) inability to repeat aloud things that are said to oneself and inability to utter declarative sentences.
Q2) In Lashley's experiments,the two most important determinants of learning loss were the
A) amount of brain tissue destroyed and the difficulty of the previously learned tasks.
B) location of the destroyed tissue and the age at which the learning had occurred.
C) amount of brain tissue destroyed and the location of the lesion.
D) difficulty of the task and the age at which it was first learned.
Q3) Describe the work of Paul Broca with "Tan" and its significance.
Q4) What is phrenology and what aspect of the theory has had lasting significance?
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Chapter 5: The Sensing and Perceiving Mind: From Kant
through the Gestalt Psychologists
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Q1) The three founders of Gestalt psychology moved to the United States in the 1920s and 1930s because they
A) were awarded prestigious professorships at American universities.
B) German psychology rejected Gestalt psychology, while American psychology proved more receptive.
C) anticipated the coming rise of Nazi Germany and its atrocities.
D) were each involved in a number of personal scandals that led them to flee to the United States.
Q2) Which two names are used to refer to Helmholtz's theory of color vision?
A) the component theory and opponent theory
B) trichromatic theory and Young-Helmholtz theory
C) the opponent theory and Young-Helmholtz theory
D) trichromatic theory and opponent theory
Q3) The "squareness" of a square and the basic tune of a melody are both examples of A) elements of consciousness.
B) elementary sensations.
C) Gestalt qualities.
D) figure-ground reversals.
Q4) How did Eleanor Gibson's work challenge Helmholtz's ideas?
Q5) What important experiment did Helmholtz perform with severed frog legs?
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Chapter 6: Wundt and the Establishment of Experimental Psychology
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Q1) Wundt's former student Oswald Külpe started his own laboratory,where research focused on which of the following subjects?
A) the forgetting curve and word association
B) mental chronometry and psychic causality
C) imageless thought and directed association
D) association tests and the forgetting curve
Q2) feelings
A)can be categorized according to dimensions of pleasantness-unpleasantness,ten-sion-relaxation,and activity-passivity
B)can be categorized according to mode,qualities,intensities,and durations
C)process that occurs when ideas are "registered" in consciousness,accompanied by self-awareness,and become subject to focused attention
D)the observation and systematic reporting of subjective inner experiences
Q3) Which of the following was NOT an essential aspect of Wundt's research on mental chronometry?
A) the measurement of reaction times
B) the differentiation between perception and apperception
C) the subtractive procedure
D) the introspective analysis of memory
Page 8
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Chapter 7: The Evolving Mind: Darwin and His Psychological Legacy
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Q1) Darwin's writings about human psychology issues included all of the following subjects EXCEPT
A) emotions.
B) child development.
C) gender differences.
D) consciousness and will.
Q2) A British political economist and demographer whose writings on population growth influenced Charles Darwin's development of the theory of evolution by natural selection was
A) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.
B) Thomas Malthus.
C) George Romanes.
D) Charles Lyell.
Q3) Uniformitarianism and catastrophism were opposing theories from the nineteenth century concerning
A) the origin of species.
B) the theory of natural selection.
C) the processes by which the major natural features of the earth were created.
D) choices among variants of evolutionary theory.
Q4) Charles Lyell proposed what idea that was influential on Darwin's thought?
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Chapter 8: Measuring the Mind: Galton and Individual Differences
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Q1) A flaw in Galton's tests of intelligence at the 1884 anthropometric laboratory was the A) crudity of his measuring instruments.
B) small number of subjects on which they were tried.
C) underlying assumption of a strong correlation between practical intelligence and sensory acuity.
D) statistical methods by which he analyzed his results.
Q2) After adopting the concept of "nature and nurture" Galton argued that
A) in general nature is more important than nurture.
B) the two factors are equal in importance.
C) in general nurture is more important than nature.
D) the two factors interact in such complex ways that it is impossible to separate their effects.
Q3) If we randomly select 100 people and arrange them in order of height,which of the following pairs will probably show the greatest differences between their two heights?
A) 10 tallest and 11 tallest
B) 49 tallest and 50 tallest
C) shortest to second shortest
D) The differences between all adjacent pairs will be about the same.
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Chapter 9: American Pioneers: James, Hall, Calkins, and Thorndike
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Q1) William James's The Principles of Psychology is notable for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
A) it was written in a pleasant literary style.
B) it took James 12 years to complete.
C) it outlined his unique, comprehensive system of scientific psychology.
D) it quickly became the leading English-language psychology text.
Q2) James's Principles asserted the following about human acts of will.
A) The sense of willing is completely an illusion as all human behavior is predetermined. B) Acts of will are strongly accompanied by attention, and he left it an open question as to whether they are mechanistically determined or "free."
C) They are clear examples of behavior that is not mechanistically determined.
D) The sensation of freely willing one's own behavior becomes stronger as a person matures.
Q3) What was William James's stand on the free-will determinism issue?
Q4) Describe Edward Lee Thorndike's studies of trial-and-error learning.
Q5) Why did Mary Whiton Calkins never receive a Ph.D.in psychology?
Q6) Explain the James-Lange theory of emotion.
Q7) Describe G.Stanley Hall's recapitulationist theory of child development.
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Chapter 10: Psychology as the Science of Behavior: Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner
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Q1) __________ conditioning is typically measured in terms of response latency or magnitude,while __________ conditioning is measured in terms of response rate.
A) Operant; respondent
B) Respondent; operant
C) Respondent; Pavlovian
D) Skinnerian; Pavlovian
Q2) Edward Chase Tolman was known for his promotion of
A) mechanistic behaviorism.
B) operant conditioning.
C) latent learning.
D) programmed instruction.
Q3) The record of responses made by an animal in a Skinner box is referred to as its A) behavioral inventory.
B) response tracing.
C) psychogram.
D) cumulative record.
Q4) Define variable-ratio reinforcement schedule.
Q5) Define experimental neuroses.
Q6) Define latent learning.
Q7) Describe Skinner's ideal society as presented in Walden Two. Page 12
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Chapter 11: Social Influence and Social Psychology: From
Mesmer to Milgram and Beyond
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Q1) Which two figures conducted laboratory experiments in social psychology before social psychology was established as a field and are therefore considered "anticipators" rather than "founders" of the field?
A) Alfred Binet and Norman Triplett
B) Ambroise Liébeault and Hippolyte Bernheim
C) James Braid and Jean Charcot
D) Floyd Allport and Solomon Asch
Q2) An individual who simultaneously holds two or more incompatible beliefs or ideas,producing an uncomfortable state that the individual is motivated to relieve,is experiencing
A) cognitive dissonance.
B) social facilitation.
C) the small world phenomenon.
D) artificial somnambulism.
Q3) Hippolyte Bernheim
A)On Suggestion and Its Therapeutic Applications
B)Social Psychology
C)The Crowd
D)When Prophecy Fails
Q4) Define posthypnotic suggestion.
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Chapter 12: Mind in Conflict: Freudian Psychoanalysis and Its Successors
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Q1) guiding fiction
A)partially or completely incorrect ideas about the self,often dating from childhood,that are believed to be true and may consciously or unconsciously influence be-havior
B)the innate source of universal archetypes
C)the state of newborn infants,in which they may receive sensual pleasure from the gentle stimulation of any part of the body
D)unconscious wishes from childhood to obtain sensual pleasure from the parent of the opposite sex and for the disappearance of the parent of the same sex
Q2) Which of the following is true of the case of Dora?
A) It was one of Freud's most successful early cases.
B) It helped Freud develop the free-association technique.
C) It taught Freud the importance of transference.
D) It led Freud to the idea of the castration complex.
Q3) Franz Brentano
A)Memories,Dreams,and Reflections
B)Project for a Scientific Psychology
C)Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint
D)The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense
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Chapter 13: Psychology Gets Personality : Allport, Maslow, and the Broadening Field
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Q1) William Stern
A)promoted the idea that culture could be thought of as analogous to the idea of personality within psychology
B)proposed a personalistic psychology in which the central concept was the individ-ual and the main goal was understanding each person's individuality
C)proposed a theory about physical body types (ectomorphic,endomorphic,and mesomorphic)and investigated their relationship to personality characteristics
D)proposed the theory of "learned helplessness" as a major factor in depressive con-ditions
Q2) What was the primary reason Maslow had trouble obtaining his first full-time university position?
A) his slowness to finish and publish his dissertation
B) the controversial nature of his dissertation findings
C) the prevalence of anti-Semitic attitudes at the time
D) a theoretical dispute he had with Edward Thorndike
Q3) What is the contact hypothesis?
Q4) Name the five general categories of Maslow's hierarchy of needs in order from bottom to top.
Page 16
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Chapter 14: The Developing Mind: Binet, Piaget, and the Study of Intelligence
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Q1) Who among the following was the first psychologist to promote the use of Binet-type intelligence tests in America?
A) David Wechsler
B) William Stern
C) Henry Goddard
D) Charles Spearman
Q2) intellectual level
A)a mathematical formula developed by Stern to summarize the results of a Binet-type intelligence test and consisting of the ratio of mental age to chronological age
B)Spearman's concept of a single common factor of generalized mental "power," applicable in some degree to all intellectual tasks
C)term for the single score result children received on Binet and Simon's intelli-gence tests
D)Terman's revision to Stern's intelligence quotient,which multiplied the fraction by 100 to eliminate decimals
E)the calculation of intelligence quotients so that they are indications of where sub-jects stand on normal distributions of previous results from people of their own age
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Chapter 15: Minds, Machines, and Cognitive Psychology
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Q1) The technology employed by Pascal in his "Pascaline" resembled which more modern mechanism?
A) an automobile odometer
B) a digital watch
C) a water clock
D) a system of pulleys
Q2) Boolean algebra
A)a discipline that includes traditional mathematics as just one of many possible forms of systematic symbol manipulation
B)a system integrating logical calculation with classical mathematics
C)the representation of all numbers by just ones and zeroes
Q3) The Lovelace Objection refers to which of the following?
A) Ada Lovelace's claim that Babbage stole her ideas
B) Lovelace's view that computers could only do what they were programmed to do
C) Lovelace's objection to Babbage creating the analytical engine and giving up his work on the difference engine
D) Lovelace's claim that computers could never be used to compose music
Q4) What was the "new look" in perception?
Q5) What is the Turing test?
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Chapter 16: Applying Psychology: From the Witness Stand to the Workplace
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Q1) What are the Hawthorne studies? Why are they considered controversial?
Q2) Which of the following is NOT true about the Hawthorne studies?
A) Wage incentives had no effect on worker productivity.
B) Insight was gained through nondirective, nonauthoritarian interviews with workers.
C) Physical fatigue had little effect on worker productivity.
D) The studies were discontinued because of a shortage of work during the Great Depression.
Q3) While working in factories,__________ noticed a phenomenon called __________ wherein individuals work below their normal capacity or speed.
A) Frank Gilbreth; differential piece-rate system
B) Frederick Taylor; soldiering
C) Lillian Gilbreth; therbligs
D) Walter Dill Scott; de-skilling
Q4) What was the goal of scientific management?
A) increase efficiency and productivity in factories
B) supply managers with scientific credentials
C) allow scientists to profit from business
D) bring German nationalism to the United States
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Chapter 17: The Art and Science of Clinical Psychology
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Q1) Joseph Wolpe and colleagues
A)a comparison of patients randomly assigned to behavior therapy or psychoanalytic therapy,as well as those receiving minimal therapy
B)a comparison of the results of therapy when delivered by college teachers with that by experienced clinicians
C)an examination of the Rorschach results of patients with and without brain tumors
D)an unsuccessful attempt to study psychoanalysis objectively by filming therapy sessions and coding therapeutic processes
Q2) Paul Meehl
A)Clinical Versus Statistical Prediction: A Theoretical Analysis and a Review of the Evidence
B)Depression: Clinical,Experimental,and Theoretical Aspects
C)Psychodiagnostics
D)"Training in Clinical Psychology: An English Point of View"
Q3) Molly Harrower
A)Group Rorschach technique
B)Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
C)K Scale
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