Research Methods in Nursing Solved Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Research Methods in Nursing explores the fundamental principles and techniques used to conduct scientific inquiry in nursing practice. This course covers various research designs, data collection methods, and statistical analysis tools relevant to the field. Students will learn how to formulate research questions, review literature critically, and interpret research findings to support evidence-based nursing care. Emphasis is placed on ethical considerations, research proposal development, and the application of research outcomes to improve patient care and healthcare systems. Through practical assignments and case studies, students gain skills necessary to contribute to nursing research and apply evidence in clinical decision-making.
Recommended Textbook Nursing Research 8th Edition by
Geri LoBiondoWood
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Chapter 1: Integrating Research, Evidence-Based Practice, and Quality Improvement Processes
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Q1) The nurse researcher is conducting a research study using subjects who will be interviewed regarding their experience with postpartum depression. For which of these reasons would the researcher select a qualitative, rather than a quantitative, research design?
A) Quantitative research is usually conducted in natural settings using data that are Words rather than numbers.
B) Qualitative research seeks to explain cause-and-effect relationships between Variables.
C) Quantitative research typically uses a convenience sample, seeking to answer a Clinical question about a human experience.
D) Qualitative research collects data from a small number of subjects, allowing for In-depth study of a phenomenon.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Clinical Questions
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Q1) The nurse has identified a patient situation that may be an area for study. The initial review of the literature helps the investigator to identify what?
A) The number of subjects required for the study
B) The appropriate statistical tests to analyze the data
C) The need to extend knowledge in a particular area
D) The instruments needed to collect data during the study
Answer: C
Q2) A nurse describes the hypothesis of a research study as, "There is a positive relationship between nurses' attitudes toward AIDS patients and the number of AIDS patients they have cared for in practice." This statement is an example of what?
A) Null hypothesis
B) Nondirectional hypothesis
C) Directional hypothesis
D) Causal hypothesis
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Gathering and Appraising the Literature
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Q1) A study published in a nursing research journal is titled, "Effects of nocturnal hemodialysis on physiological and psychological parameters of patients with end-stage kidney disease." The nurse should recognize that this study belongs to which of these types of reference?
A) Primary
B) Secondary
C) Tertiary
D) Historical
Answer: A
Q2) Which is an example of a \(\bold{primary}\) source in a literature review?
A) A video recorded interview of a nurse researcher
B) A critique of a nursing research study
C) An edited textbook on nursing research
D) A review of theoretical frameworks used in nursing research
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Theoretical Frameworks for Research
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Q1) Which research report title suggests that theory was generated as the outcome of the study, rather than being used as the framework for the study?
A) Women's experiences of undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery (Banner, D., et al., 2011)
B) Couple functioning and post-traumatic stress symptoms in U.S. army couples: The role of resilience (Melvin, K.C., et al., 2011)
C) A randomized, clinical trial of education or motivational-interviewing-based coaching compared to usual care to improve cancer pain management (Thomas, M.L., et al., 2012)
D) A predictive and moderating model of psychosocial resilience in adolescents (Tusaie, K., et al., 2007)
Q2) In which way are theory and practice interrelated for the hospital-based nurse researcher?
A) Practice is the operational definition of theory.
B) Practice provides the opportunity to test theory.
C) Theory provides the evidence on which practice is based.
D) Theory generates questions that are used to refine practice.
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Chapter 5: Introduction to Qualitative Research
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Q1) Which of these terms is synonymous with paradigm?
A) Empiricism
B) Worldview
C) Holism
D) Viewpoint
Q2) Which aim of research is characteristic of or appropriate for qualitative research methods?
A) Control
B) Prediction
C) Explanation
D) Understanding
Q3) Computer management of qualitative data can assist a nurse researcher with which of these processes?
A) Organization of data
B) Interpretation of data
C) Credibility of data
D) Synthesis of data
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Chapter 6: Qualitative Approaches to Research
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Q1) Which factor in a research report indicates that the study used a qualitative design?
A) Hypotheses are stated.
B) The sample is described as convenient.
C) People who participated in the study are described as informants.
D) Participants completed a questionnaire to measure their understanding of the topic.
Q2) Which research question will indicate to the nurse researcher that an ethnographic approach was used in the research study?
A) In what ways do Puerto Rican women learn about health information?
B) What is the quality of life for persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?
C) What was Nightingale's involvement in sanitary reforms during the 1860s?
D) How do individuals who have heart disease experience anger?
Q3) Which qualitative research approach is used by researchers for the purpose of theory building?
A) Case study
B) Phenomenology
C) Grounded theory
D) Ethnographic method
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Chapter 7: Appraising Qualitative Research
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Q1) The identification of themes is important when reviewing findings of a qualitative research report because themes do what?
A) Reflect congruence between the questions asked and the methodology
B) Allow description of a large quantity of data in a condensed format
C) Demonstrate both the emic and etic views of a topic
D) Explain the nature of differences reported by participants experiencing a common phenomenon
Q2) Before applying the results of a qualitative study in practice, the nurse should take several actions including which of these actions?
A) Use triangulation to combine quantitative and qualitative methods in a replication study.
B) Evaluate the credentials and experience of the researcher who conducted the study.
C) Determine if the concepts/themes identified in the study support the work completed by other researchers.
D) Be sure that the study's findings were significant at the 0.05 or greater level of probability.
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Chapter 8: Introduction to Quantitative Research
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Q1) A nurse researcher can control for selection bias in a study by taking which of these actions?
A) Allow subjects to self-select into an experimental or a control group
B) Handpick the subjects for group assignment
C) Use defined selection criteria for approaching potential subjects
D) Have someone other than the researcher select the subjects for the study
Q2) How would a nurse researcher ensure that the sample used in a quantitative study is homogeneous?
A) Use eligibility criteria to limit extraneous variables relevant to the study.
B) Randomly assign subjects to either the experimental or the control group.
C) Assign one research assistant to collect data from all subjects.
D) Collect data from all subjects at the same time of day.
Q3) The nurse researcher designed a study examining anxiety among elementary school children. If a widely publicized murder of a child occurred in the city during the time frame of the study, what type of threat to internal validity would the murder represent?
A) Maturation
B) Instrumentation
C) Selection bias
D) Historical
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Chapter 9: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs
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Q1) A research study is planned to determine the effect of nutritional supplementation and type of support surface on the rate of wound healing in sacral myocutaneous flap failures. Which is an independent variable in this study? (Select all that apply.)
A) Rate of wound healing
B) Sacral myocutaneous flap
C) Retailer source of protein supplement
D) Type of support surface
E) Nutritional supplementation
Q2) An after-only nonequivalent control group design would be appropriate to study which of these research questions?
A) What is the effect of the cause of spousal death on widows' self-esteem?
B) What is the effect of preoperative teaching on vascular complications after orthopedic surgery?
C) What is the effect of a mentorship program on improvement of students' clinical performance in a baccalaureate nursing program?
D) What is the effect of a videotaped teaching method on knowledge of adolescent males about the warning signs of testicular cancer?
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Chapter 10: Nonexperimental Designs
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Q1) Which type of study should be used when data are collected at only one point in time?
A) Cross-sectional
B) Retrospective
C) Longitudinal
D) Prospective
Q2) A nurse researcher would decide to use a retrospective or ex post facto study for which reason?
A) Obtaining informed consent is not an important issue.
B) There is maximal opportunity to manipulate the independent variable.
C) The dependent variable is measured at multiple times to examine maturation.
D) The dependent variable has already been affected by the independent variable.
Q3) A nurse researcher will choose an ex post facto design over more a correlational design for which reason?
A) It is easier to implement.
B) The independent variable can be manipulated.
C) There is a greater degree of control in the design.
D) There is increased flexibility when variables relationships are complex.
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Chapter 11: Systematic Reviews and Clinical Practice Guidelines
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Q1) ___ type of studies reviewed
Q2) Which are methods for searching and integrating the literature related to a specific clinical issue? (Select all that apply.)
A) Meta-analysis
B) Systematic review
C) Cochrane collaboration
D) Integrative review
Q3) The highest level of evidence is known to be provided by what?
A) Meta-analysis
B) Systematic review
C) Effect size
D) Integrative review
Q4) ____ types of participants
Q5) ___ background of the question
Q6) ___ search methods for finding studies
Q7) ___ plain language summary
Q8) ___ results
Q9) ___ data collection
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Q11) ___ analysis of the
located studies
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Chapter 12: Sampling
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Q1) The nurse researcher is deciding on a sampling strategy for the research study. Which type(s) of strategies would be considered to be probability sampling strategies?
(Select all that apply.)
A) Convenience
B) Quota
C) Simple random
D) Cluster
E) Purposive
F) Stratified random
Q2) A nurse researcher would hesitate to use nonprobability sampling because:
A) It will result in reduced or limited generalizability.
B) Informed consent must be obtained.
C) It will require large, unmanageable sample sizes.
D) Sample sizes are too small for most methods of statistical analysis.
Q3) A nurse researcher can most accurately use the technique of power analysis to do what?
A) To estimate sample size
B) To establish sampling strata
C) To assign subjects randomly
D) To analyze sample representativeness
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Chapter 13: Legal and Ethical Issues
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Q1) An adult participant receives an informed consent form to participate in a study on breast cancer in women younger than the age of 35. The study's informed consent process should include which elements? (Select all that apply.)
A) The participant's meeting the IRB members who approved the study
B) The participant's being informed of risks associated with the study
C) The participant's being informed of the study protocol
D) The participant's being given the right to decline participation at any time
E) The participant's being assured that her confidentiality will be maintained
Q2) A person gives consent to participate in a study, is assigned to an intervention group, and is expected to remain in the study for 1 year. What ethical principle is violated if after 6 months the subjects in the treatment group have more problems than the control subjects, and the nurse researcher does not allow the members of the treatment group to stop treatment?
A) Justice
B) Beneficence
C) Confidentiality
D) Respect for persons
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Chapter 14: Data Collection Methods
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Q1) What advantage is shared by both interview and questionnaire data collection methods?
A) Both seek to understand the attitudes, beliefs, and feelings of participants.
B) Both are analyzed by statistical methods selected by the researcher.
C) Both require extensive training of the researcher coordinating the study.
D) Both are paper-and-pencil tests implemented by the researcher.
Q2) A nurse researcher is designing a study examining the construct of anxiety. The researcher could operationalize anxiety through what? (Select all that apply.)
A) Vital signs readouts
B) Observation
C) Sweat-level measurements
D) Interview
E) Paper and pencil scale
Q3) Which observational role would be most appropriate if the nurse researcher wants to identify maternal response behaviors to cries of infants with colic?
A) Concealment with intervention
B) Concealment without intervention
C) No concealment with intervention
D) No concealment without intervention
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Chapter 15: Reliability and Validity
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Q1) A nurse researcher describes an instrument that produces the same result when it is administered to the same subjects under similar conditions on two or more occasions as possessing what?
A) Homogeneity
B) Equivalence
C) Stability
D) Validity
Q2) When the nurse researcher demonstrates that an instrument is highly reliable, which type of error is reduced?
A) Random error
B) Variance error
C) Persistent error
D) Systematic error
Q3) Testing of a new instrument demonstrates that it has a high degree of internal consistency. What does this indicate to the nurse researcher?
A) The instrument is appropriate to use to measure a single concept.
B) The instrument has low measurement error and high error variance.
C) More refinement of the instrument is necessary before it can be applied.
D) The instrument is valid, but the reliability has yet to be determined.
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Chapter 16: Data Analysis: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
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Q1) In a study of nurses' willingness to care for patients with a contagious disease, it was found that the greater the nurses' spirituality, the greater the willingness to provide care. This finding represents what?
A) No correlation
B) Perfect correlation
C) Positive correlation
D) Negative correlation
Q2) The nurse researcher opts to use a measure of variability. Which measure of variability does the researcher recognize as being most unstable?
A) Mean
B) Median
C) Range
D) Semiquartile range
Q3) The nurse researcher should report the mean, mode, and median of a variable in a research study in which case?
A) When the distribution is uneven.
B) When the distribution is wide.
C) When the distribution is narrow.
D) When the distribution is symmetrical.
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Chapter 17: Understanding Research Findings
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Q1) Tables and figures assist in presenting the findings of studies by doing what? (Select all that apply.)
A) Supplementing the text
B) Repeating the text
C) Representing the results
D) Reproducing the results
Q2) When discussing the results, what facilitates presentation of large amounts of data?
A) Subjective presentation
B) Inferential statistics
C) Tables and figures
D) Descriptive statistics
Q3) If a study's results are not supported statistically or are only partially supported, research consumers should conclude that the study is what?
A) Irrelevant
B) Important to review
C) Proven
D) Unconfirmed
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Chapter 18: Appraising Quantitative Research
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Q1) Which change in the sample selection procedure of a study involving continuous handrail support, oxygen uptake, and heart rate in women during submaximal step treadmill exercise would have the greatest impact on increasing the generalizability of the results?
A) Increasing the sample size
B) Including subjects who smoke in the study
C) Having a true control group rather than having subjects serve as their own controls
D) Expanding the sample population to include equal numbers of women who were moderately fit and highly fit
Q2) A nurse researcher is critically appraising a research report and asks the question "Was interrater reliability calculated?" Which data collection methods and procedures would this question evaluate?
A) Physiologic measurement
B) Interviews
C) Available data records
D) Observation
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Chapter 19: Strategies and Tools for Developing an
Evidence-Based Practice
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Q1) What is the significance of a diagnostic test with a large positive likelihood ratio?
A) It provides only limited predictive value for disease.
B) It provides a high degree of certainty that the patient has the suspected disorder.
C) It mandates other supportive diagnostic tests.
D) It provides little assistance in clinical decision making.
Q2) How should the nurse researcher most accurately interpret an odds ratio less than 1.0?
A) This means there is no difference in the odds of an event occurring between the experimental and control groups.
B) The event is less likely in the treatment group than in the control group.
C) The event is more likely to occur in the treatment group than in the control group.
D) Percent increase in risk of the event that is added after considering the percent of risk that would occur anyway.
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Chapter 20: Developing an Evidence-Based Practice
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Q1) Components of a receptive context for EBP include what? (Select all that apply.)
A) Strong leadership
B) Clear strategic vision
C) Effective data-capture systems
D) Organizational skills
E) Good managerial relations
F) Visionary staff in key positions
G) Ability to prioritize
H) Climate conducive to experimentation and risk taking
Q2) A nurse researcher is selecting a topic for an EBP project. Which type of topic would be most appropriate if the researcher is interested in developing an idea from a knowledge-focused trigger?
A) One identified through the benchmarking of data
B) One identified through risk surveillance
C) One identified through financial data
D) One identified through staff reading research
Q3) ___ use data to assist staff in modifying or integrating the evidence-based practice change
Q4) ___ determine methods and frequency of data collection
Q5) ___ assess interrater reliability of data collectors
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Chapter 21: Quality Improvement
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Q1) What is the name of the initiative of organizations that buy health care and are working to improve the safety, quality, and affordability of health care for Americans?
A) Physician Quality Reporting Initiative
B) Home Health Compare
C) The Leapfrog Group
D) Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems
Q2) Miscommunication between organization levels are minimized.
A)Customer focus/patient focus
B)Leadership
C)Involvement of people
D)Process approach
E)System approach to management
F)Continual improvement
G)Factual approach to decision making
H)Mutually beneficial supplier relationships
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