Research Methods in Psychology Test
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Course Introduction
Research Methods in Psychology provides students with a comprehensive understanding of the scientific methods used to study behavior and mental processes. This course covers the fundamental principles of research design, including experimental, quasi-experimental, and observational methodologies. Students will learn how to formulate research questions, review scholarly literature, collect and analyze data, and interpret results. Emphasis is placed on ethical considerations, measurement techniques, statistical analysis, and the critical evaluation of psychological research. By the end of the course, students will have developed the skills necessary to design, conduct, and report psychological research, preparing them for advanced study and practical application in the field.
Recommended Textbook
Personality Psychology Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature 6th Edition by
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Randy Larsen
Chapter 1: Introduction to Personality Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Kevin,a personality researcher,is writing an article on human emotions.He explores aspects like whether an individual expresses his or her emotions easily.Also,he evaluates factors that make an individual emote in a particular manner.In this scenario,Kevin is most likely studying the _____ of knowledge about human nature.
A)dispositional domain
B)adjustment domain
C)social and cultural domain
D)cognitive-experiential domain
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following domains of knowledge about human nature focuses on the relationship between personality and gender differences?
A)The dispositional domain
B)The adjustment domain
C)The social and cultural domain
D)The cognitive-experiential domain
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Personality Assessment, Measurement, and Research Design
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Q1) In order to show that variable A has an influence on variable B,you need to _____ variable A.
A)manipulate
B)counterbalance
C)randomly assign
D)control
Answer: A
Q2) Edwin Megargee's (1969)study of manifestations of dominance highlights all of these key points about laboratory studies EXCEPT that:
A)laboratory experimenters should be sensitive to manifestations of personality that occur in incidental parts of an experiment.
B)there are often interesting links between S-data obtained through questionnaires and T-data obtained through controlled testing conditions.
C)the interpersonal style of an experimenter changes the results of the study.
D)it is possible to set up conditions to reveal key indicators of personality.
Answer: C
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4
Chapter 3: Traits and Trait Taxonomies
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Q1) Which of the following procedures helps researchers to identify hundreds of acts belonging to various trait categories?
A)Act nomination
B)Act effectiveness
C)Act performance
D)Act likelihood
Answer: A
Q2) In the context of the five-factor model,which of the following was used by Allport and Odbert to identify 17,953 trait terms?
A)Act nominations
B)Self reports
C)The English dictionary
D)Peer ratings
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Theoretical and Measurement Issues in Trait Psychology
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Q1) One result of Walter Mischel's critique of trait approaches has been:
A)an increased interest in person-situation interactions.
B)a decreased interest in person-situation interactions.
C)a decrease in the practice of aggregation.
D)a decrease in the study of personality traits.
Q2) Samuel is a math professor and loves his job.Students love his classes because he makes the classes interactive and innovative.Even students who score low in math show a remarkable improvement when assigned to his classes.In this scenario,the fact that Samuel naturally elicits a strong liking for math from his students exemplifies:
A)evocation.
B)a false positive.
C)aggregation.
D)a strong situation.
Q3) Polygraph machines measure:
A)distortions in honesty.
B)the truth.
C)physiological arousal.
D)self-deceptive enhancement.
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Chapter 5: Personality Dispositions Over Time: Stability,
Coherence, and Change
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Q1) According to Dan Olweus (1979),children classified as bullies in Grade 6 were more likely to _____.
A)become popular in Grade 10
B)become "whipping boys" by Grade 7
C)become criminals in adulthood
D)have been bullied by parents
Q2) A case study of Mahatma Gandhi best illustrates:
A)how personality changes over time.
B)how personality can remain stable over time.
C)the concept of rank order stability.
D)the traits that are correlated with leadership skills.
Q3) In the context of mean level stability and change in adulthood,people score higher on _____ and _____ as they grow older.
A)agreeableness;openness to experience
B)extraversion;openness to experience
C)neuroticism;extraversion
D)conscientiousness;agreeableness
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Genetics and Personality
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Q1) When a mother holds a child more often because the child loves it,we observe _____ genotype-environment correlation.
A)direct
B)active
C)passive
D)reactive
Q2) Ethically,which of the following methods in NOT used with humans?
A)Selective breeding studies
B)Twin studies
C)Adoption studies
D)Family studies
Q3) It seems unlikely that any single gene will ever be found to explain more than a _____ percentage of variation in personality.
A)small
B)marginal
C)moderate
D)large
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Chapter 7: Physiological Approaches to Personality
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Q1) Bored people may seek out mild stimulation to:
A)invigorate their nervous system.
B)reach an optimal level of arousal.
C)avoid a higher level of stimulation.
D)reduce tension in their nervous system.
Q2) According to Jeffrey Gray,_____ is responsive to cues for punishment,frustration,and uncertainty and is responsible for the personality dimension of anxiety.
A)the behavioral activation system
B)the behavioral inhibition system
C)dopamine
D)frontal brain asymmetry
Q3) The Type A personality trait,especially the hostility part of being Type A,is associated with a higher likelihood of:
A)cancer-prone disease.
B)heart disease.
C)chronic diabetes.
D)Crohn's disease.
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Chapter 8: Evolutionary Perspectives on Personality
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Q1) Research on helping and altruism suggests that people:
A)help anyone in real need regardless of genetic relatedness.
B)help others according to how closely they are genetically related to them.
C)help all genetically related relatives in roughly the same manner.
D)always help genetically related relatives when askeD.
Q2) According to Fitzgerald and Colarelli (2009),the tendency to help is a direct function of the degree of _____,especially in a life-or-death context.
A)financial success
B)sexual dimorphism
C)physical attractiveness
D)genetic relatedness
Q3) Shauna knows that men appreciate a woman with attractive legs.She works out frequently to keep her body in shape and wears dresses and shoes that accentuate her attractive legs.Shauna is reacting to the _____ pressure exerted by men on women.
A)sexual
B)intersexual selection
C)adaptive
D)intrasexual selection
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Chapter 9: Psychoanalytic Approaches to Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Sigmund Freud,a slip of the tongue:
A)represents a motivated loss of coordination.
B)represents the motivated activity of the unconscious.
C)is a true accident that is usually socially unacceptable.
D)is only observed in heterosexual men.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a technique for revealing unconscious conflict?
A)Free association
B)Dream analysis
C)An inkblot test
D)Identification
Q3) In the context of Sigmund Freud's structure of personality,which of the following is a characteristic of wish fulfillment?
A)It allows people to express their unacceptable sexual and aggressive instincts freely.
B)It involves the retrieval of desired memories and dreams in the preconscious mind.
C)It permanently satisfies the urge to obtain a desired object.
D)It involves the creation of a mental image of a desired object.
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Chapter 10: Psychoanalytic Approaches: Contemporary Issues
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Q1) The case of Holly Ramona discussed in the text demonstrates that:
A)repression never occurs.
B)repression occurs often.
C)child abusers can be brought to court based on children's recovered memories.
D)therapists can be held accountable for inducing false memories.
Q2) According to object relations theory,children _____ their mothers in an unconscious mental representation.
A)repress
B)internalize
C)fixate on
D)project
Q3) Three-year-old Sandra loves to dress like her mother,wear her mother's makeup,and pretend doing household chores.This scenario most likely illustrates Erik Erikson's _____ stage of personality development.
A)initiative versus guilt
B)autonomy versus shame and doubt
C)trust versus mistrust
D)identity versus role confusion
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Chapter 11: Motives and Personality
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Q1) According to Carl Rogers,people who experience many conditions of worth may:
A)lose touch with their own desires and wants.
B)work primarily for approval from others.
C)distort their shortcomings.
D)All of the answers are correct.
Q2) People who accept their weaknesses and shortcomings probably experience:
A)conditions of worth.
B)unconditional positive self-regard.
C)positive regard.
D)conditional positive regarD.
Q3) Which of the following psychologists was one of the first to develop a modern theory of motivation?
A)Carl Rogers
B)Abraham Maslow
C)Henry Murray
D)David McClelland
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Chapter 12: Cognitive Topics in Personality
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Q1) _____ is a psychologist most commonly associated with research on theory of individual differences in tolerance for sensory stimulation.
A)Dan Goleman
B)Aneseth Petrie
C)Seligman
D)Herman Witkin
Q2) _____ is an intellectual position grounded in the notion that reality is constructed,that every person and certainly every culture has a version of reality that is unique,and that no single version of reality is any more privileged than another.
A)Rationalization
B)Egalitarianism
C)Postmodernism
D)Fixation
Q3) Which of the following is an important aspect of the self?
A)The ways people evaluate their self-worth
B)Social roles
C)Identities
D)All of the answers are correct.
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Chapter 13: Emotion and Personality
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Q1) _____ are a way of organizing and interpreting the world.
A)Cognitive schemas
B)Cognitive triads
C)Syndromes
D)Cognitive categorizations
Q2) Which of the following has NOT been used as a criterion for identifying fundamental or primary emotions?
A)Subjective experience
B)Unique motivational properties
C)Distinct facial expressions
D)Relationship to biological processes
Q3) Which of the following is NOT considered a component of emotions?
A)Subjective feelings
B)Bodily changes
C)Categorizations
D)Action tendencies
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Chapter 14: Approaches to the Self
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Q1) The development of imaginary friends often indicates that a child has developed:
A)the ability to engage in social comparison.
B)a private self-concept.
C)an objective self-awareness.
D)an identity deficit.
Q2) Experimentation with different identities is most common in:
A)childhood.
B)adolescence.
C)adulthood.
D)old age.
Q3) A person who agrees with the statement "I feel I do not have much to be proud of" would score _____ self-esteem.
A)low on academic
B)high on academic
C)low on global
D)high on global
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Chapter 15: Personality and Social Interaction
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Sample Questions
Q1) Unlike people who score high on dominance,people who score low on dominance are most likely to use the _____ manipulation tactic.
A)hardball
B)coercion
C)responsibility invocation
D)silent treatment
Q2) According to Baughman et al.(2012),high dark triad scorers were especially prone to using the _____ of manipulation.
A)charm tactic
B)coercion tactic
C)hardball tactic
D)regression tactic
Q3) Workers who score high on Machiavellianism make more money:
A)in companies where there are many rules.
B)in companies where there are few rules.
C)in companies that frequently evaluate performance.
D)than people who score low on the strategy.
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Chapter 16: Sex,Gender,and Personality
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Q1) In the context of global self-esteem,individuals with high self-esteem _____.
A)tend to take responsibility for their failures
B)tend to take credit for their successes
C)are unable to perform cognitive tasks when faced with negative feedback
D)find it difficult to cope with the stresses and strains of daily life
Q2) Which of the following theories most likely emphasizes physiological differences as the reason why boys and girls diverge over development?
A)Socialization theory
B)Social role theory
C)Evolutionary theory
D)Hormonal theory
Q3) According to Baron-Cohen (2003),_____ refers to tuning in to other people's thoughts and feelings.
A)instrumentality
B)tender-mindedness
C)empathizing
D)rumination
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Chapter 17: Culture and Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Americans tend to explain events _____,with an object detached from its context,attributes of objects or people assigned to categories,and a reliance on rules about the categories to explain behavior.
A)holistically
B)analytically
C)statistically
D)mechanically
Q2) Egalitarianism is associated with:
A)high-variance conditions.
B)lower-variance conditions.
C)farming cultures.
D)cultures of honor.
Q3) The German word Schadenfreude refers to:
A)pleasure in another's misfortunes.
B)grief.
C)the fifth factor of personality in Germany.
D)sadness.
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Chapter 18: Stress,Coping,Adjustment,and Health
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Q1) In a study-in which a random group of college students was asked to recall and write about an experience that they found distressing and another random group was asked to write about a trivial topic,and both these groups were contacted again after six months-it was found that college students who wrote about trauma:
A)visited the campus health center less.
B)visited the campus health center more.
C)found the task more enjoyable.
D)re-experienced the traumatic event.
Q2) When a person perceives that an event is a threat to his goals,he engages in:
A)the optimistic bias.
B)the pessimistic bias.
C)primary appraisal.
D)secondary appraisal.
Q3) When psychologist James Pennebaker asked research participants to write about their secret unpleasant events,he found that:
A)people felt good as they wrote.
B)many people found it difficult to think of secrets.
C)everyone had some secrets.
D)people felt good as they wrote and that everyone had secrets.
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Chapter 19: Disorders of Personality
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Q1) A woman who wears excessive makeup,has an overly elaborate hairstyle,and dresses in flashy clothes is most likely to be diagnosed with _____ personality disorder.
A)histrionic
B)antisocial
C)borderline
D)dependent
Q2) A person who is preoccupied with order and strives to be perfect most likely has _____ personality disorder.
A)histrionic
B)dependent
C)antisocial
D)obsessive-compulsive
Q3) People with _____ personality disorder are most likely to have intense,emotional,and potentially violent relationships.
A)antisocial
B)schizoid
C)borderline
D)dependent
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Chapter 20: Summary and Future Directions
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Q1) Researchers working in the _____ domain are especially interested in how people influence their environment and how personality influences the processes of selection,evocation,and manipulation.
A)intrapsychic
B)social and cultural
C)biological
D)cognitive/experiential
Q2) _____ concerns the factors within the mind that influence behavior,thoughts,and emotions;the domain also includes defense mechanisms.
A)The intrapsychic domain
B)The dispositional domain
C)The biological domain
D)The adjustment domain
Q3) The cognitive/experiential domain pertains to:
A)areas of the mind that are outside of conscious awareness.
B)goals that people strive for.
C)evolutionary perspectives on personality.
D)the accurate measurement of traits and abilities.
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