Research Methods in Psychology Study Guide Questions
Course Introduction
Research Methods in Psychology provides students with a comprehensive introduction to the principles and practices of scientific research in the field of psychology. The course covers a variety of research designs, including experimental, correlational, and observational methods, and emphasizes the importance of ethical considerations, hypothesis development, sampling strategies, data collection, and statistical analysis. Students learn how to critically evaluate psychological studies, design their own research projects, and interpret the results in the context of existing psychological theories. The course also addresses issues related to reliability, validity, and the communication of research findings.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 5th Edition by James Jaccard
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction and Mathematical Preliminaries
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Sample Questions
Q1) A _____ is the aggregate of all cases to which one wishes to generalize statements.
A)sample
B)total sample
C)parameter
D)population
Answer: D
Q2) A phenomenon that takes on different values is termed _____.
A)an error
B)a constant
C)a variable
D)none of the above
Answer: C
Q3) The number of people in your family is considered a _____ variable.
A)continuous
B)discrete
C)variable
D)fragmented
Answer: B
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3
Chapter 2: Frequency and Probability Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Given a distribution of scores,the probability of randomly selecting a given score from that distribution equals the _____ of that score.
A)cumulative frequency
B)cumulative relative frequency
C)frequency
D)relative frequency
Answer: D
Q2) The y-axis is called the____________________.
Answer: Ordinate
Q3) In a frequency polygon,the vertical bar denotes the _____,and the horizontal bar denotes the _____.
A)frequencies;variable values
B)variable values;frequencies
C)abscissa;ordinate
D)frequencies;ordinate
Answer: A
Q4) The total area under a density curve represents 1.00.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Measures of Central Tendency and Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following sets of data is bimodal?
A)75,85,95,105,105,105,115,125,135,135,135,145,155
B)53,62,71,80,80,80,94,99,100,132,132,145
C)2,2,2,3,3,3,3,4,5,6,7,7,7,8,8
D)20,30,30,30,30,40,50,60,70,90,100,100,100,112
Answer: A
Q2) The standard deviation represents an average deviation from the mean.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The measure of Central tendency most commonly reported is the mean.
A)True
B)False Answer: True
Q4) The sum of squared deviations from the mean will always be greater than the sum of squared deviations around any other index of central tendency.
A)True
B)False Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Percentiles,percentile Ranks,standard
Scores,and the Normal Distribution
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Sample Questions
Q1) Given a normal distribution,what z score would correspond to the 50th percentile?
A)+1
B)-1
C)0
D)+.5
Q2) In a normal distribution,approximately _____ of all scores fall between standard scores of -1 and +1.
A)50%
B)68%
C)95%
D)99%
Q3) A set of scores that is positively skewed will _____ after they have been converted to standard scores.
A)be normalized
B)become negatively skewed
C)remain positively skewed
D)become platykurtic
Q4) How does the standardization of a set of scores affect the basic shape of the distribution?
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Chapter 5: Pearson Correlation and Regression: Descriptive Aspects
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Sample Questions
Q1) The _____ of a line indicates the number of units variable Y changes as variable X changes by 1 unit.
A)slope
B)intercept
C)scatterplot
D)residual
Q2) From a conceptual perspective,the tradition is to designate the independent variable as the _____ variable and the dependent variable as the _____ variable.
A)linear;nonlinear
B)Y;X
C)standardized;unstandardized
D)X;Y
Q3) The slope of a line tells you ______.
A)the change in Y for every 1-unit change in X
B)the change X for every 1-unit change in Y
C)the predicted value of Y when X equals zero
D)the average amount of error when predicting Y from X
Q4) Explain why a correlation between two variables does not necessarily imply that one variable causes the other to vary as it does.
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Chapter 6: Probability
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the difference between a permutation and a combination?
Q2) A researcher wanted to compare eye color distributions of babies born with a birth defect with babies who did not have the birth defect.26 babies with the defect were matched on gender,race,and age with 52 babies without the defect.The frequency of different eye colors as a function of the presence or absence of the defects was as follows:
Eye Color
Group Dark Medium Light
Defect 1 6 19
No Defect 15 13 24
If a baby were randomly selected from the study,what is the probability of that baby having light eyes?
A).43
B).19
C).24
D).55
Q3) A joint probability is the likelihood of a causal relationship between two events.
A)True
B)False
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Estimation and Sampling Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A sum of squares around a sample mean will always have N - 2 degrees of freedom associated with it.
A)True
B)False
Q2) You ask a random sample of 75 people to complete a measure of verbal ability,and you want to estimate the variance in the population.How many degrees of freedom do you have for this variance estimate?
A)73
B)74
C)75
D)unlimited
Q3) If the standard error of the mean is small,then all the sample means based on a given sample size (N)will tend to be _____ and all will tend to be _____ the population mean.
A)small;equal to B)similar;close to C)dissimilar;far away from D)large;equal to
Q4) What is a sampling distribution of the mean?
Q5) Define the standard error of the mean.
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Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing: Inferences About a Single Mean
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Sample Questions
Q1) The null hypothesis is the hypothesis that we assume to be false for purposes of conducting a statistical test.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Distinguish between a Type I error and a Type II error.
Q3) When researcher states that an observed value will be higher or lower than a comparison value,she must provide a ____________________.alternative hypothesis.
Q4) In the case of a directional test,the alpha level focuses on only one tail of the distribution,and thus is called a ____________________.
Q5) Which of the following is NOT one of the conditions for using the one-sample t test?
A)The variable under investigation is quantitative.
B)The variable under investigation at least approximates interval level characteristics.
C)The variable under investigation is qualitative and measured on an ordinal level.
D)The researcher knows the standard deviation estimate.
Q6) Distinguish between directional and nondirectional tests.
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Chapter 9: Principles of Research Design and Statistical
Preliminaries for Analyzing Bivariate Relationships
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Sample Questions
Q1) With the technique of matching,an individual in one group is "matched" with an individual in each of the other groups such that all of these individuals have the same value on the independent variable.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In matching,an individual in one group is "matched" with an individual in each of the other groups such that all of these individuals have the same value on the _____ variable.
A)confounding
B)disturbance
C)independent
D)dependent
Q3) The extent to which conclusions made on the basis of a statistical test are unaffected by violations of the assumptions underlying the test is called ____.
A)robustnesss
B)significance level
C)statistical power
D)all of these
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Chapter 10: Independent Groups T-Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) Before a researcher decides what statistical test,and if an independent t-test is correct he/ she must determine_____.
A)The number of independent variables manipulated
B)Scale of measurement of the dependent variable (quantitative vs.qualitative)
C)Within or between subject design
D)The number of subjects used
E)All of these are correct
Q2) If we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that a relationship exists between the independent and dependent variables,it is meaningless to ask how strong the relationship is.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The proportion of sample variability in the dependent variable that is explained by the independent variable is called eta-squared.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What factors influence the size of the standard error of the difference?
Q5) Given that your calculated t is 5.09 and there was a total of 62 subjects the strength of the relationship is_________.
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Chapter 11: Correlated Groups T-Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) The correlated groups t-test is only used when the independent variable is____________________.
Q2) A correlated groups t test will usually (but not always)be _____ than a corresponding independent groups t test.
A)less powerful
B)less conservative
C)more powerful
D)more conservative
Q3) When using a correlated-groups t test design,we calculate the degrees of freedom using ______,where N= number of difference scores.
A)N-1
B)N-2
C)n<sub>1</sub>+n<sub>2</sub>-2
D)n<sub>1</sub>-2
Q4) With smaller sample sizes,larger population effect sizes are necessary to obtain adequate statistical power.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is a sampling distribution of the mean of difference scores?
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Chapter 12: One-Way Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) The F ratio for a one-way repeated measures analysis of variance is MS<sub>IV</sub> divided by MS<sub>SUBJECTS</sub>.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The sum of squares error is conceptually equivalent to the "sum of squares within groups" in the one-way between-subjects analysis of variance.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The F test is robust to violations of the _____ assumption.
A)independent sampling
B)random sampling
C)sphericity
D)normality
Q4) An assumption of the F test is that the sample is _____ selected from the population.
A)independently
B)independently and randomly
C)randomly
Q5) What does the mean square subjects contribute to the F test?
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Chapter 13: Pearson Correlation and Regression: Inferential Aspects
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Sample Questions
Q1) The mean of a sampling distribution of r is approximately equal to r.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In the equation for the linear model,å is called an error score that reflects all factors that are uncorrelated with X that influence Y.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The nature of the relationship in a correlation analysis is determined by examining
A)r<sup>2</sup>
B)the sign of r
C)a Tukey HSD test
D)inspection of group means
Q4) Which of the following values represents the weakest correlation between variables?
A)+.95
B)-.60
C)+.10
D)-.04
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Chapter 14: Chi-Square Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) The chi-square statistic is an index that reflects the overall difference between the _____ and the _____ frequencies.
A)observed;total
B)observed;expected
C)expected;marginal D)expected;total
Q2) The shape of the chi-square distribution depends on how many ____________________ are associated with it.
Q3) When is Pearson correlation typically used to analyze the relationship between two variables?
Q4) The chi-square statistic reflects the overall difference between the ____________________ and the expected frequencies.
Q5) The question addressed by the _____ test is whether a distribution of frequencies across categories for a variable in a population are distributed in a specified manner.
A)nonparametric
B)goodness-of-fit
C)F
D)distribution-specific
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Chapter 15: Nonparametric Statistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is the nonparametric counterpart of one-way repeated measures analysis of variance.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Friedman analysis of variance by rank is a nonparametric alternative to which parametric test?
A)independent groups t test
B)correlated groups t test
C)one-way between-subjects analysis of variance
D)one-way repeated measures analysis of variance
E)Pearson correlation
Q3) Under what conditions is the Spearman rank-order correlation used to analyze the relationship between two variables?
Q4) The nonparametric tests presented in the text are based on what type of scores?
A)rank scores
B)z scores
C)t scores
D)F scores
Q5) How are tied values dealt with when applying a nonparametric test?
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Chapter 16: Two-Way Between-Subjects Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a statistically significant main effect has three or more levels,then the nature of the relationship is determined using a(n):
A)Tukey HSD procedure
B)informal examination of sample means
C)F ratio
D)t ratio
Q2) The manner in which we choose to state an interaction is arbitrary.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Mean square within (MS<sub>WITHIN</sub>)can be defined as
A)variability due to the manipulation of the IV and disturbance variables.
B)variability due to the manipulation of the IV.
C)variability due to individual differences only (e.g.,analogous to the within subjects ANOVA..
D)variability in the data due to sampling error,disturbance variables,and individual differences.
Q4) In two-way between-subjects analysis of variance,df<sub>TOTAL</sub> = N - 1.
A)True
B)False
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Overview and Extension: Statistical Tests for More Complex Designs
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Sample Questions
Q1) Multiple regression involves the prediction of a criterion from two or more predictors. A)True
B)False
Q2) A researcher is interested in whether the number of years working in a company (1,5,or 10)might have an effect on job satisfaction (rating scale 1-50),employer satisfaction (rating scale 1-20)and perception of job difficulty (rating scale 1-10).Which of the following tests would be used to analyze this data?
A)Two-way between-subjects analysis of variance
B)Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance
C)Two-way between-within analysis of variance
D)Multivariate analysis of variance
Q3) The observed distribution may bias one's decision about a parameter to focus on.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Alternatives to the "null hypothesis testing approach" include:
A)estimating effect sizes
B)Bayesian statistics
C)a and b
D)none of these
Page 19
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