Research Methods in Psychology
Question Bank
Course Introduction
Research Methods in Psychology provides students with an in-depth introduction to the principles, techniques, and ethical considerations involved in psychological research. The course covers experimental, correlational, and observational methodologies, emphasizing the design, implementation, and interpretation of studies in various psychological domains. Students will learn about hypothesis formulation, variable operationalization, data collection methods, and statistical analysis, as well as how to critically evaluate scientific literature. Through practical assignments and hands-on projects, students gain experience in conducting independent research and interpreting results in the context of psychological theory.
Recommended Textbook
Exploring Research 8th Edition by Neil J. Salkind
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564 Verified Questions
564 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: The Role and Importance of Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Emily's school has implemented an early intervention program for at-risk students. In order to monitor its effectiveness on student performance, she would use which research method?
A) historical
B) descriptive
C) longitudinal
D) quasi-experimental
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following best describes a hypothesis?
A) statement that you set out to prove
B) tested by collecting only the data that support it
C) proposed before a good research question can be developed
D) posits a clear relationship between different factors
Answer: D
Q3) What is the major difference between applied and basic research?
A) basic research takes longer to complete
B) applied research is less important
C) basic research is more traditional
D) basic research has no immediate application
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: The Research Process: Coming to Terms
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following best describes independent variables?
A) not manipulated by the experimenter
B) manipulated to assess the effect of the treatment
C) unrelated to the treatment
D) not necessary
Answer: B
Q2) The significance level reported in a research study can be explained by which of the following?
A) importance of the results to the benefit of society
B) statistical methods to determine the results of the study
C) risk associated with not being 100% confident the difference is due to the treatment
D) importance of the results to the benefit of an individual
Answer: C
Q3) Which type of study may NOT have an implied null hypothesis?
A) correlational
B) descriptive
C) quasi-experimental
D) experimental
Answer: B
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Page 4
Chapter 3: A: Selecting a Problem and Reviewing the Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) For what purpose would you use a ListServ?
A) to automatically receive information on a particular subject
B) to send private messages to one of your classmates
C) to choose the appropriate statistical test
D) to see a one-paragraph summary of a journal article
Answer: A
Q2) Which is the most comprehensive guide to general literature?
A) The New York Times Index
B) The Reader's Guide, Full Text Mega Edition
C) Statistical Abstract of the United States
D) Review of Educational Research
Answer: B
Q3) What is a listserv discussion group?
A) same as e-mail
B) universal resource locator
C) search engine
D) automatic depository for information
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: B: Ethics: the Basic Principles
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Q1) Discuss the primary shortcomings of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and what ethical guidelines are in place now to prevent such ethical lapses in the future. Is it enough?
Q2) I will give an F in class to anyone who refuses to participate in my study. Students will take a five-point survey on what they ate today. Identify the problem and modify the experiment so that it is ethical.
Q3) You can quote and analyze online information without asking for permission as long as the information is officially and publicly archived, not password protected and nothing on the site prohibits the use of this information.
A) True
B) False
Q4) Which of the following information should be provided in an informed consent form for any study involving human participants?
A) the findings of the study
B) the number of participants the study plans to use
C) the procedures involved in the study
D) the names of other participants
Q5) Discuss two of the general issues in ethical research behavior.
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Page 6
Chapter 4: Sampling and Generalizability
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Q1) In which sampling technique does every k<sup>th</sup> name on the list get selected?
A) simple random sampling
B) systematic sampling
C) stratified sampling
D) cluster sampling
Q2) Which sampling technique should be used when the population's members differ from one another on several important characteristics?
A) quota sampling
B) simple random sampling
C) systematic sampling
D) stratified random sampling
Q3) What type of sampling is usually the easiest to do?
A) quota sampling
B) simple random sampling
C) convenience sampling
D) cluster sampling
Q4) Explain how to use a table of random numbers.
Q5) Why is generalizability the key to a successful study?
Q6) What is the difference between probability and nonprobability sampling?
Page 7
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Chapter 5: Measurement, Reliability, and Validity
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Sample Questions
Q1) The interval level of measurement would include which of the following?
A) number of words spelled incorrectly
B) hair color
C) IQ score
D) height
Q2) Which of the following would be considered a continuous variable?
A) the number answered correctly on a history test
B) grade level in school
C) gender
D) length
Q3) Which one of the following is NOT an important criterion for increasing reliability?
A) eliminate unclear test items
B) standardize the environmental conditions in which the test is given
C) moderate the ease and difficulty of the test
D) use subjective scoring procedures
Q4) Why is the ratio level of measurement considered the most precise?
Q5) What is the difference between reliability and validity?
Q6) Why are repeated scores on most variables always different from one another?
Q7) What is the difference between continuous and discrete variables?
Page 8
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Chapter 6: Methods of Measuring Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the computed number for the proportion of test takers who get an item correct?
A) item analysis
B) discrimination index
C) difficulty index
D) attitude index
Q2) What type of test defines a specific level of performance or mastery) of some content domain?
A) standardized test
B) researcher-made test
C) norm-referenced test
D) criterion-referenced test
Q3) All the behavior of a subject is recorded in _____________________.
A) duration recording
B) interval recording
C) frequency recording
D) continuous recording
Q4) What are the five basic assumptions when using a questionnaire?
Q5) What makes a good questionnaire?
Q6) What are some reasons why we use tests?
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Chapter 7: Data Collection and Descriptive Statistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is another phrase used to describe a bell-shaped curve?
A) average curve
B) regular-shaped curve
C) normal curve
D) elliptical curve
Q2) When a normal distribution is represented by a histogram, where would most scores fall?
A) in the extremes of the distribution
B) in the middle of the distribution
C) outside of the distribution
D) on the high end of the distribution
Q3) When you have interval or ratio data such as age in years) what is typically the best measure of central tendency to use?
A) range
B) mode
C) median
D) mean
Q4) Why should we use standard scores instead of raw scores?
Q5) What is a measure of central tendency?
Q6) What are some characteristics of a normal curve?
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Chapter 8: Introducing Inferential Statistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is true?
A) Significance is better than meaningfulness.
B) Meaningfulness is better than significance.
C) Both significance and meaningfulness are equal in value.
D) Neither significance nor meaningfulness is important in a study.
Q2) What does a level of significance of .05 mean?
A) there is a .5% chance of Type I error
B) there is a 5% chance of Type I error
C) there is a .05% chance of Type I error
D) there is a 50% chance of Type I error
Q3) If Dr. Robinson rejects the null hypothesis after observing a test statistic which exceeds the critical value at the .05 level, there is_____________________________________________.
A) a 95% chance that the null hypothesis is actually true
B) a 5% chance that the null hypothesis is actually true
C) a 5% chance that the null hypothesis is actually false
D) no chance that the null hypothesis is actually true
Q4) What factors decrease the likelihood of making a Type II error?
Q5) What are the steps involved in testing a hypothesis?
Q6) What is the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics?
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Chapter 9: Nonexperimental Research: Descriptive and Correlational Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) What would a correlation of .35 be called?
A) moderate
B) weak
C) very strong
D) very weak
Q2) What is the most frequently used measure of relationships?
A) Spearman's rho
B) Pearson product moment
C) Student's t
D) Holmes procedure
Q3) If your research does NOT include a treatment or control group, what type of research are you conducting?
A) experimental research
B) causal-comparative research
C) descriptive research
D) quasi-experimental research
Q4) What is the difference between a closed-ended and open-ended question?
Q5) What does the sign (+ or -) on a correlation mean?
Page 12
Q6) What is the difference between the coefficient of determination and the coefficient of alienation?
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Chapter 10: Nonexperimental Research: Qualitative Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) The last step in conducting historical research is __________________.
A) interpreting the results
B) formulating a hypothesis
C) defining a topic or problem
D) gathering data
Q2) What is another term for "authenticity"?
A) accuracy
B) validity
C) reliability
D) generalizability
Q3) What are original artifacts considered?
a) secondary sources
b) tertiary sources
c) primary sources
d) not used in historiography
Q4) Why is it important to understand the history of a phenomenon?
Q5) What are the differences between primary and secondary sources?
Q6) Describe the difference between direct and participant observation.
Q7) What are some of the limitations of historical research?
Q8) Name two types of questions used in interviews and give examples of both. Page 14
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Chapter 11: Pre- and True Experimental Research Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) What type of threat to internal validity is associated with practice effects?
A) maturation
B) regression
C) testing
D) instrumentation
Q2) What characteristics of pre-experimental designs make it difficult to establish cause-and-effect relationships?
Q3) What is an example of a true experimental design?
A) pretest posttest control group design
B) one-group pretest posttest design
C) one-shot case study design
D) nonequivalent control group design
Q4) What term is synonymous with internal validity?
A) generalizability
B) accuracy
C) reliability
D) control
Q5) Explain the effects of regression and how it affects internal validity.
Q6) What are three methods you can use to control extraneous variables?
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Q7) What are the steps involved in using the pretest posttest control group design?
Chapter 12: Quasi-Experimental Research: a Close Cousin to Experimental Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Single-subject designs have roots in which of the following views of development?
A) Piagetian
B) behavioral
C) organismic
D) social learning
Q2) If you want to answer a research question regarding whether a particular group of subjects experiences any significant changes in behavior as they age, but you do not have the time or money for a traditional longitudinal study, which method would be acceptable?
A) cross-sectional
B) historical
C) follow-up
D) none of the above would be acceptable
Q3) Which of the following sequences exemplifies the method of a single-subject design?
A) measure behavior prior to treatment, apply treatment, withdraw treatment
B) apply treatment, measure behavior, withdraw treatment
C) apply treatment, withdraw treatment, measure behavior
D) apply treatment with a treatment
Page 17
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Chapter 13: Writing a Research Proposal
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following would be found in the method section?
A) introduction
B) running head
C) rationale for the research
D) participants
Q2) In a research proposal, what should follow the implications and limitations section?
A) appendices
B) literature review
C) implications and limitations
D) method
Q3) When selecting a dependent variable, you should consider all of the following EXCEPT:
A) the measure has been used before.
B) the validity of the measure has been established.
C) the measure comes with testing forms.
D) norms are available, when applicable.
Q4) What should you consider when reviewing a test?
Q5) Name some things you should remember when selecting your dependent variable.
Q6) What should you consider when selecting a sample for your research study?
Page 18
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Chapter 14: Writing a Research Manuscript
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following would NOT be included in a prepared manuscript?
A) acknowledgements
B) title page
C) method
D) references
Q2) What are the differences between the results and discussion sections?
Q3) On the title page of a manuscript, what appears below the title of the manuscript?
A) institutional affiliation
B) authors' names
C) running head
D) references
Q4) What information is usually included in a discussion section?
Q5) All tables and graphs to be used in the manuscript usually appear in which section?
A) results
B) method
C) discussion
D) none of the above
Q6) List the parts of a prepared manuscript, in order.
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