Research Methods in Psychology Practice
Questions
Course Introduction
Research Methods in Psychology introduces students to the fundamental approaches and techniques used to conduct scientific inquiry in the field of psychology. The course covers essential topics such as research design, data collection methods, ethical considerations, experimental and non-experimental methodologies, and statistical analysis. Students learn how to critically evaluate existing research, generate research questions and hypotheses, and design their own studies. Through hands-on activities, case studies, and engagement with current literature, the course equips students with the skills to interpret findings, report results, and understand the implications of psychological research for theory and practice.
Recommended Textbook
Research In Psychology Methods and Design 7th Edition by C. James Goodwin
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Chapter 1: Scientific Thinking in Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) What did the philosopher Rudolph Carnap have to say about human freedom of choice?
A) free choices are really determined ahead of time by fate
B) the concept is meaningless if determinism is true
C) because determinism is true, we might think we have free choice, but we don't
D) the ability to make meaningful choices demands that events be orderly and predictable
Answer: D
Q2) B. F. Skinner first uncovered evidence of extinction in his laboratory when
A) he repeated Pavlov's famous experiments (i.e., followed authority)
B) he reasoned that an absence of reinforcement would eliminate a behavior
C) his apparatus malfunctioned
D) he forgot to feed his animals
Answer: C
Q3) Empirical questions
A) are answerable with objective data
B) cannot be answered via scientific methods
C) are best answered through Peirce's a priori method
D) can only be answered relying on accounts of personal experiences
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Ethics in Psychological Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) A study by Gardner compared participants who were fully informed ahead of time about the predicted effects of noise on stress with others who were not informed. What were the results?
A) fully informed subjects were more adversely affected by the noise than uninformed subjects
B) uninformed participants were more adversely affected by the noise than those fully informed
C) there was no difference between the two types of participants, thereby showing that deception is not needed for that type of research
D) there was no difference between the two types of participants, thereby showing that deception is needed for that type of research
Answer: B
Q2) In the early years of the nineteenth century, antivivisectionists criticized
A) Watson's research on determining which senses contributed to maze learning
B) Watson and Rayner's Little Albert study
C) Small's pioneering maze learning studies
D) any medical research involving either humans or animals
Answer: A
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4
Chapter 3: Developing Ideas for Research in Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Two researchers with two completely different operational definitions for aggression nonetheless produce the same result - frustration leads to aggression. This outcome is referred to as
A) exact replication
B) operationism
C) converging operations
D) serendipity
Answer: C
Q2) "If a theory is true, then event X should occur." Which of the following outcomes illustrates the fallacy of affirming the consequent?
A) event X occurs, therefore the theory has been proven true
B) event X occurs, therefore the theory has been supported
C) event X does not occur, therefore the theory has been disproven
D) event X does not occur, therefore the theory has not been supported
Answer: A
Q3) Sometimes discoveries are made accidentally, as when a procedural error occurs. Such a discovery is said to be the result of __________.
Answer: serendipity
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Chapter 4: Measurement, Sampling, and Data Analysis
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Q1) If a test is _______, then it will be low in measurement error.
Q2) Which of the following sequences of "time (in seconds) spent looking" suggests that habituation occurs initially, but is followed by the perception of "something new?"
A) 12, 10, 7, 11
B) 6, 6, 6, 6
C) 10, 6, 10, 6
D) 10, 8, 6, 4
Q3) Which of the following is true about interval and ratio scales?
A) in a ratio scale, a score of zero means the absence of the phenomenon being measured
B) in an interval scale, it is not possible to achieve a score of zero
C) equal intervals exist in interval scales, but such is not the case in ratio scales
D) equal intervals exist in ratio scales, but such is not the case in interval scales
Q4) Distinguish between the reliability and validity of a behavioral measure, explain how each is determined, and explain why a measure could be reliable but not valid.
Q5) What information is conveyed in a confidence interval?
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Chapter 5: Introduction to Experimental Research
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Q1) If the tool being used to evaluate performance changes in some way between pretest and posttest, then _______ can be a threat to the study's internal validity.
Q2) ________ validity is concerned with the extent to which results generalize beyond the particular experiment being conducted.
Q3) During the course of an experimental that lasts over a period of time, normal developmental changes may occur that can affect the results of the study independent of the treatment program being evaluated. This threat to internal validity is called
A) history
B) regression
C) testing
D) maturation
Q4) The simplest way to evaluate threats to internal validity due to history, maturation, and regression is to
A) include a control group
B) include a pretest as well as a postest
C) use only subject variables
D) use a subject pool
Q5) Uncontrolled extraneous variables are referred to as ________.
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Chapter 6: Control Problems in Experimental Research
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Q1) In _______, each subject volunteering for the study has an equal chance of being placed into group A or group B.
A) random assignment
B) counterbalancing
C) matching
D) using a Latin square
Q2) Distinguish subject bias and experimenter bias, show how they could interact, and explain how they can be controlled.
Q3) As a technique for creating equivalent groups, when is matching preferred over random assignment?
A) when a large number of subjects are available and can be used
B) when some extraneous variable is known to correlate with the dependent variable
C) whenever a within-subjects design is preferred over a between-subjects design
D) whenever a potential confound exists, but you aren't aware of its presence
Q4) All possible orders of conditions are used in ___________ counterbalancing.
Q5) Attrition can be a problem for developmental psychologists who do ??????????????????????___________ research.
Q6) The sequence ABCDDCBA is indicative of __________ counterbalancing.
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Chapter 7: Experimental Design 1: Single Factor Designs
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Q1) In Stroop's most famous experiment, a comparison was made between naming color patches and naming colors when they were printed with color-mismatched names.
Describe the design.
A) single-factor, two levels, repeated measures
B) single-factor, two levels, independent groups
C) single-factor, multilevel, repeated measures
D) multiple-factor, two levels, independent groups
Q2) Unlike two-level designs, multilevel designs can
A) use counterbalancing
B) test more than one independent variable
C) uncover nonlinear effects
D) reject the null hypothesis
Q3) A t test for dependent samples is used to compare experimental conditions in which of the following designs?
A) single-factor, matched groups design
B) single-factor, independent groups design
C) single-factor, repeated-measures design
D) both alternatives a. and c.
Q4) What are the defining features of the three main designs that involve between-subjects factors?
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Chapter 8: Experimental Design II: Factorial Designs
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Sample Questions
Q1) A ceiling effect is said to occur when A) there is one main effect, but not two
B) performance is very high for one group, but just average for a second group C) performance is so close to perfect for both groups that any true difference between them is obscured
D) everyone participating is the experiment performs better than they ever have before
Q2) In a factorial study, a main effect
A) refers to any F ratio in the ANOVA that is significant
B) occurs when differences are found for the different levels of an independent variable C) occurs when the effect of one independent variable depends on the level of another D) is determined by calculating row means (as opposed to column means)
Q3) Sometimes, in a study with both a main effect (or two) and an interaction, the interaction is the only important finding. Explain, using the caffeine study to illustrate.
Q4) Distinguish between a mixed factorial design and a P x E factorial design and explain why the latter reflects the spirit of Lewin's beliefs about how to best understand behavior.
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Chapter 9: Correlational Research
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Q1) Multiple regression involves
A) one bivariate procedure and two multivariate procedures
B) one criterion variable and two or more predictor variables
C) one predictor variable and two or more criterion variables
D) performing a bivariate regression procedure several times
Q2) In a(n) __________ study, there is a criterion variable and several predictor variables.
Q3) A study using a ________ helps to solve the directionality problem.
A) cross-lagged panel correlation
B) partial correlation
C) multiple regression
D) factor analysis
Q4) In McClelland's famous study on the "achieving society,"
A) achievement themes were assessed by examining children's literature
B) there was a correlation between geography and societal achievement (more achievement
C) societies achieved more if they limited access to children's literature
D) there was a high correlation between IQ and a society's achievement
Q5) Explain the directionality problem and how it is addressed by a cross-lagged panel procedure.
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Chapter 10: Quasi-Experimental Designs Applied Research
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Q1) Informed consent can be a problem in program evaluation research. Why?
A) there tends to be a high rate of attrition in this research
B) powerless clients might believe that a failure to give consent would have adverse consequences for them
C) most subjects in these studies are under the age of 18
D) subjects often cannot be reached before the study begins
Q2) What is the defining feature of an interrupted time series with switching replications?
A) a program is implemented in two different situations at two separate times
B) a control group is added to the treatment group
C) the effects of a program on one dependent variable is compared with the effects on a second dependent variable
D) a program is implemented then taken away ("switched")
Q3) A(n) __________ design occurs whenever a lack of control makes it impossible to draw causal conclusions.
Q4) Explain why early American psychologists were so interested in applied psychology and give a "football" example of applied work from psychology's early years.
Q5) Trends can be evaluated by using a(n) ___________ design.
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Chapter 11: Small N Designs
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Q1) For which of the following designs is it most likely that changes could be attributed to the confound of maturation rather than to the experimental treatment?
A) multiple baseline
B) A-B-C-B
C) A-B-A
D) A-B
Q2) In a typical A-B-A design,
A) a baseline is measured before anything else happens
B) treatment is put in place (A), then withdrawn (B), then reintroduced (A)
C) B refers to the Baseline phase of the study
D) treatment effects can be evaluated twice
Q3) The device used to record behaviors in Skinner's operant conditioning experiments is called a(n)
A) operant chamber
B) schedule of reinforcement
C) cumulative recorder
D) reinforcement contingency
Q4) Single-subject designs have several elements in common. Describe them.
Q5) Describe how McMicken et al. used the case study method to evaluate boxer "AB."
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Chapter 12: Descriptive Research Methods
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Q1) All of the following characterize interview surveys except A) cost can be a problem
B) the interviewer can clarify ambiguous questions
C) getting a representative sample is easier than with the other methods
D) they might be limited to a small geographical area
Q2) What are the advantages and disadvantages of collecting survey data through face-to-face interviews?
Q3) In order to generalize from the results obtained with a sample to the population as a whole,
A) all members of the population must be tested eventually
B) each member of the population must have exactly the same probability of being selected, especially if stratified sampling is being used
C) the sample must be representative of the population
D) the exact values (on the trait being measured) for the population must be known
Q4) Studying the contents of trash or smudges on glass cases in museums are both examples of __________ measures.
Q5) What methodological and ethical problems faced Festinger in his participant observation study of a religious cult?
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