Research Methods in Psychology
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Course Introduction
Research Methods in Psychology introduces students to the scientific approaches and techniques used to investigate human behavior and mental processes. This course covers a range of research methodologies, including experimental, correlational, observational, and survey methods. Students learn about research design, hypothesis formulation, data collection and analysis, ethical considerations, and how to critically evaluate psychological studies. The course emphasizes the development of practical skills in designing research projects, interpreting results, and reporting findings, providing a strong foundation for advanced study and professional practice in psychology.
Recommended Textbook
Research In Psychology Methods and Design 7th Edition by C. James Goodwin
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Chapter 1: Scientific Thinking in Psychology
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Q1) All of the following generally characterize pseudoscience except A) they try to confuse the naive by associating with concepts from legitimate science B) they rely exclusively on anecdotal evidence for support C) they cannot be adequately falsified D) they take simple concepts and make them seem overly complex
Answer: D
Q2) Peirce was critical about the a priori method as a way of fixing belief because A) it was especially prone to a confirmation bias B) the use of logic is not really needed for arriving at truth C) it really meant nothing more than relying on authority D) carefully reasoned arguments can produce opposite conclusions
Answer: D
Q3) After a tragic and much publicized plane crash, Ed came to believe that air travel was not as safe as traveling by car; Ed was a victim of the _____________ heuristic.
Answer: availability
Q4) To assume that all events have causes is to make the assumption of _______. Answer: determinism
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Ethics in Psychological Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Animal rights activists argue that instead of using laboratory animals, psychologists should use alternatives. They recommend all of the following except
A) using nonintrusive observational procedures and study animals in their natural environments
B) substituting nonsentient for sentient animals (bugs instead of rats)
C) using computer simulations instead of live animals
D) using non-primate mammals (e.g., dogs) instead of primates
Answer: D
Q2) ____________ is the term used to describe that portion of debriefing that is aimed at reducing any stress felt by participants as a result of their participation. Answer: desensitizing
Q3) Dehoaxing is to desensitizing as _______ is to ________.
A) explanation; stress reduction
B) explanation; consent
C) stress reduction; explanation
D) stress reduction; consent
Answer: A
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4
Chapter 3: Developing Ideas for Research in Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Theories
A) are not highly regarded until proven true
B) lead to hypotheses through the process of induction
C) provide the basis for making predictions that can be tested empirically
D) are ideal if they can explain all possible outcomes
Answer: C
Q2) Hypotheses are derived from theories through the process of
A) induction
B) deduction
C) falsification
D) parsimony
Answer: B
Q3) A theory that has the minimum of constructs and assumptions, yet adequately summarizes and organizes information, is said to be a(n) ________ theory.
A) parsimonious
B) operationalized
C) falsified
D) simplistic
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Measurement, Sampling, and Data Analysis
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most frequently occurring score in a set of scores is called the ______.
Q2) If an IQ test is reliable and a child scores 115, what is known?
A) the child will only be an average student in school
B) the student will perform at a level in school that is about 15% higher than others
C) the IQ test is a good measure of intellect
D) the person has a higher IQ than someone who scores 95
Q3) The probability of making a Type I error can be determined; it is equal to the
Q4) Descriptive statistic is to inferential statistic as _________ is to ________.
A) mean; standard deviation
B) central tendency; variability
C) sample; population
D) median; range
Q5) When using a(n) ______ measurement scale, the most that can be said is that one score is greater than another.
A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval
D) ratio
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Chapter 5: Introduction to Experimental Research
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Q1) In a study about self-esteem, self-esteem is
A) a subject variable
B) a manipulated variable
C) the dependent variable
D) could be any of the above
Q2) In any experiment, the dependent variable is A) some behavior being measured
B) the factor that is being controlled
C) the factor being manipulated by the experimenter D) usually selected randomly
Q3) People are given a personality test and then separated into those who tend to be introverted and those who tend to be extroverted. In this study the independent variable is a _______ variable.
A) subject
B) manipulated
C) task
D) controlled
Q4) If a study lasts for an appreciable period of time, participants might learn new things or grow wiser in some way, thereby producing a threat to internal validity known as
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Chapter 6: Control Problems in Experimental Research
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Q1) In a study with three conditions in which participants are tested in each condition more than once, block randomization could produce each of the following sequences except
A) ACCBAB
B) ABCCBA
C) CABBCA
D) BACCBA
Q2) In a memory study, each subject learns six lists of words. A researcher decides to use a Latin square to determine the order in which lists will be shown. Which of the following is true?
A) if ten subjects are to be assigned to each row of the Latin square, then 600 subjects will be needed to complete the study
B) participants will see each list more than once
C) six different orders of list presentation will be used
D) the Latin square will have 36 (6x6) rows
Q3) All possible orders of conditions are used in ___________ counterbalancing.
Q4) Distinguish subject bias and experimenter bias, show how they could interact, and explain how they can be controlled.
Q5) The sequence ABCDDCBA is indicative of __________ counterbalancing.
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Chapter 7: Experimental Design 1: Single Factor Designs
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Q1) When portraying the results of a study graphically, what are the guidelines that help determine whether to use a bar graph or a line graph?
Q2) Of the studies described in the chapter, which most clearly illustrates the ability of a multilevel design to produce a nonlinear effect?
A) the Bransford and Johnson study on the effects of context on memory
B) the Mozart effect study
C) the study with the moving room
D) the Yerkes Dodson arousal-performance study
Q3) A well-known example of a study that produced a nonlinear effect was the memory study by Ebbinghaus that produced his forgetting curve. Which of the following is true about his study?
A) the independent variable was the amount of time between studying and recalling B) it was a single-factor, two level, repeated-measures design
C) it was a multilevel, matched groups design
D) the independent variable was a "savings" score
Q4) A single-factor experiment that assigns participants to groups via random assignment is called a(n) _____________ design.
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Chapter 8: Experimental Design II: Factorial Designs
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Q1) A researcher discovers that extroverts solve problems better than introverts when in a large room, but that introverts do better than extroverts in a small room. Which of the following is true?
A) this outcome describes a main effect for room size
B) this outcome describes a main effect for personality type
C) this outcome describes a person by environment (P x E) interaction
D) in this study, there were two main effects (room size and personality type) but no interaction
Q2) Which of the chapter's research examples used a mixed design?
A) the study on noisy vs. quiet environments
B) the closing time study
C) the study about beliefs about work as exercise in hotel workers
D) the study about stereotype threat
Q3) Which of the chapter's research examples used a P x E mixed design?
A) the study on the best environment for studying
B) the study on simulated driving with cell phones
C) the study on the closing time effect
D) the study on stereotype threat
Q4) What is the basic difference between a mixed factorial design and a PxE factorial design?
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Chapter 9: Correlational Research
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Q1) Describe how outliers may affect a correlation and how can one determine if there are outliers in the data.
Q2) Use Eron's study on TV violence and aggression to show how both the directionality problem and the third variable problem can be solved.
Q3) A researcher believes that anxiety disorders in children can be predicted by a combination of several variables: shyness in preschool, mother dominance, and father absence. This study will use which procedure?
A) multiple regression
B) partial correlation
C) factor analysis
D) bivariate correlations
Q4) If there is a strong relationship between variable A and variable B, it could be that A is causing B to occur, but it could also be that B is causing A to occur. This is known as the
A) directionality problem
B) third variable problem
C) nonlinearity problem
D) range restriction problem
Q5) What is the coefficient of determination and what does it mean?
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Chapter 10: Quasi-Experimental Designs Applied Research
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Q1) Describe Ulrich's "room with a view" study as an example of a quasi-experimental design using archival data. Conclude with a general discussion of the benefits and limitations of archival research.
Q2) As part of a program to inform clients about how to manage credit card expenses, they are counseled, and at the end of an opening session, given an expense log to fill out over the next six months. Examining these logs after a month would constitute part of a
A) cost analysis
B) needs analysis
C) formative evaluation
D) summative evaluation
Q3) A(n) __________ design occurs whenever a lack of control makes it impossible to draw causal conclusions.
Q4) Trends can be evaluated by using a(n) ___________ design.
Q5) Describe the ethical issues that are especially relevant for program evaluation research.
Q6) What is a nonequivalent control group design and how does it differ from a simple nonequivalent groups design?
Q7) Describe the defining feature a quasi-experimental design.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Small N Designs
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Q1) Describe how McMicken et al. used the case study method to evaluate boxer "AB."
Q2) A researcher wishes to examine the effects of a treatment on a single individual, first in one setting, then in a second, then in a third; this calls for a(n) _________ design.
Q3) Pretend you are B. F. Skinner for a moment and you are asked to defend your system of psychology to someone with minimal knowledge of psychology. What would you say?
Q4) What is the best design to use when trying to develop a consistent exercise program?
A) alternating treatments
B) multiple baseline
C) withdrawal
D) changing criterion
Q5) A study by Foxx and Rubinoff showed how small N designs can be useful in reducing the amount of caffeine people ingest daily. They used which design?
A) A-B-C-B
B) A-B-A-B
C) alternating treatment
D) changing criterion
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Descriptive Research Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) What was wrong with the survey done by Literary Digest in 1936?
A) their sample did not accurately reflect the proportions of Republicans and Democrats
B) they only had 10% of their surveys returned
C) they used simple random sampling instead of the more sophisticated cluster sampling
D) they used cluster sampling, when stratified sampling was required
Q2) When should a stratified sample be used?
A) when probability sampling is not necessary
B) when identifiable subgroups of the population are of interest
C) when the population is too large for all of it to be tested
D) when a list of all population members is not available
Q3) Compared to other methods found in Chapter 12, survey research
A) does not have a problem with reactivity
B) is more likely to use convenience sampling
C) has a greater need for the sample to be representative
D) will tend to have a smaller sample size
Q4) What are the advantages and disadvantages of collecting survey data through face-to-face interviews?
Q5) What is a DK alternative and when should it be used?
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