Research Methods in Psychology Exam Practice Tests
Course Introduction
Research Methods in Psychology introduces students to the foundational principles and techniques used to investigate psychological phenomena. The course covers various research designs, including experimental, correlational, and observational methods, as well as key concepts such as reliability, validity, and ethical considerations in human and animal research. Students learn how to formulate hypotheses, design studies, collect and analyze data, and interpret findings within the context of psychological theory. Emphasis is placed on developing critical thinking skills, understanding statistical reasoning, and applying the scientific method to answer questions about behavior and mental processes.
Recommended Textbook
The Essentials of Statistics A Tool for Social Research 2nd Edition by Joseph F. Healey
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2
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) If people who eat at fast food restaurants become obese,obesity is A)an independent variable.
B)a causal variable.
C)a dependent variable.
D)none of these.
Answer: C
Q2) Addition and subtraction are completely justified only when variables are A)dependent.
B)nominal.
C)ordinal.
D)interval-ratio.
Answer: D
Q3) Inferential statistics are necessary in social research because
A)it may be impossible to find all members of a certain population.
B)social scientists don't have the time or money to test an entire population.
C)some of the population might not cooperate.
D)samples are sometimes accurate representations of the population but can't always be used to generalize.
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Basic Descriptive Statistics: Percentages Ratios
and Rates Frequency Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A frequency distribution should reflect a balance of A)detail and conciseness.
B)time and money.
C)questions and answers.
D)elegance and symmetry.
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following is an impossible value for a percentage?
A)0.0%
B)47.458923%
C)110.00%
D)0.05%
Answer: C
Q3) When working with a very small number of cases,it is usually preferable to report A)percentages.
B)proportions.
C)fractions.
D)actual frequencies.
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Charts and Graphs
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Sample Questions
Q1) A graph presented in the text showed that,since 1955,homicide victimization rates in the U.S.have
A)increased for males but not for females.
B)increased for males and females until the mid-1970s and then decreased.
C)increased for females but not for males.
D)have decreased for males and females since the 1950s.
Answer: B
Q2) For a single variable measured at the nominal level,an appropriate graph would be a
A)pie chart.
B)histogram.
C)frequency polygon.
D)bivariate table.
Answer: A
Q3) Pie charts show the frequency distribution of
A)one variable.
B)two variables.
C)three or more variables.
D)any of these
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Measures of Central Tendency
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which measure of central tendency is like "a fulcrum that exactly balances all of the scores"?
A)mode
B)median
C)mean
D)none of these
Q2) If the scores on a variable are 11,14,18,20,and 25,the median is A)3.
B)16.
C)18. D)19.
Q3) The median is the score of the middle case when the number of cases is A)odd.
B)even.
C)more than 20.
D)less than 20.
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6
Chapter 5: Measures of Dispersion
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you calculated the standard deviation for a distribution of 20 scores,removed the 5 highest scores and recalculated,the value of the standard deviation would A)increase.
B)stay the same.
C)decrease.
D)be reduced by five.
Q2) If male and female college students have the same mean GPA but the standard deviation for females is much larger,you may conclude that A)males are smarter than females.
B)modal GPAs for both groups would be the same.
C)median GPAs for both groups would be the same.
D)there is more variability among female students with respect to GPA.
Q3) The average deviation is
A)always less than the standard deviation.
B)based on squaring the differences between the mean and scores.
C)actually a measure of central tendency,not dispersion.
D)not commonly useD.
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Chapter 6: The Normal Curve
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Sample Questions
Q1) The probability that a randomly selected case will have a score beyond\(\pm\)1.00 standard deviation of the mean is
A)0.6826.
B)0.5000.
C)0.3174.
D)1/2 of the area of 1 standard deviation.
Q2) To find the area above a positive Z score or below a negative Z score you would A)subtract the value of the Z score from the mean.
B)use the "Area Beyond Z" column of the Z score table.
C)add the value of the Z score to the area beyond the mean. D)add the area between the Z score and the mean to 100%.
Q3) The mean score on a final chemistry exam was 75,and the standard deviation of the scores was 5.If the distribution is normal and your score was 70,what percentage of the scores was lower than yours?
A)15.87%
B)30.00%
C)34.13%
D)50.00%
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Chapter 7: Introduction in Inferential Statistics, the
Sampling Distribution, and Estimation
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Sample Questions
Q1) The General Social Survey (GSS)is an example of a A)sample.
B)sampling distribution.
C)population.
D)all of these
Q2) The greater the confidence level,the ____ width of the confidence interval
A)narrower
B)more representative
C)more efficient
D)wider
Q3) A random sample of 200 includes 100 Protestants.The researcher estimates at the 95% confidence level that between 43% and 57% of the population is Protestant.In this research situation
A)the parameter is 200.
B)P<sub>u</sub> is .43 or .57.
C)N is 100.
D)alpha is 0.05.
Q4) Explain random sampling.How does this technique ensure a high probability that the sample will be representativeness?
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Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing I: the One-Sample Case
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Sample Questions
Q1) In tests of significance,if the test statistic does NOT fall in the critical region,we
A)conclude that the population distribution is normal.
B)reject the null hypothesis.
C)fail to reject the research hypothesis.
D)conclude that our alpha level was too low.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT an assumption required for a test of hypothesis with a single sample mean?
A)a representative sample
B)sample size (N)larger than 1,000
C)normal sampling distribution
D)interval-ratio level of measurement
Q3) All other things being equal,with which of the following alpha levels would we be most likely to reject the null hypothesis?
A).01
B).001
C).05
D).10
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Chapter 9: Hypothesis Testing II: the Two-Sample Case
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Sample Questions
Q1) The larger the sample size,the
A)more important the observed difference.
B)more likely we are to reject the null hypothesis.
C)less likely we are to reject the null hypothesis.
D)lower the Z score.
Q2) Samples of Republicans and Democrats have been tested for their level of support for welfare reform and the null hypothesis has been rejected.What may we conclude?
A)the difference is significant,there are differences between the parties on this issue
B)the difference is significant,the parties are the same on this issue
C)the difference is not significant
D)a Type I error has occurred
Q3) When testing for the significance of the difference between two samples,which is the proper assumption for step 1?
A)random sampling
B)ordinal level of measurement
C)degrees of freedom are zero
D)samples are independent as well as random
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Chapter 10: Hypothesis Testing III: the Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) The quantity SSW measures the amount of variation
A)after subtracting the total variation (SST).
B)within the categories.
C)in the population.
D)assuming the null hypothesis is true.
Q2) A null hypothesis that states "the population means are equal" would be appropriate for which of the following tests of significance?
A)chi square
B)tests of proportions
C)ANOVA
D)Fisher's Exact test
Q3) In the ANOVA test,degrees of freedom within (dfw)are equal to ____ and degrees of freedom between (dfb)are equal to (k - 1).
A)(N - k)
B)(k + 1)
C)(N + k)
D)(k - N)
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Chapter 11: Hypothesis Testing Iv: Chi Square
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Sample Questions
Q1) The chi square test is frequently used because it is relatively easy to satisfy the model assumptions (step 1 of the five-step model).These assumptions require,in the case of chi square,
A)a normal population distribution.
B)no assumption about the shape of the sampling distribution.
C)expected frequencies of equal value.
D)a difference in expected and observed frequencies.
Q2) One limitation of the Chi square test (and all tests of hypothesis)is that they cannot tell us if relationships between variables are
A)significant.
B)random.
C)by chance.
D)important.
Q3) In the Chi square test,degrees of freedom are
A)N - 1.
B)N<sub>1</sub> + N<sub>2</sub> - 2.
C)(r + 1)(c + 1).
D)(r - 1)(c - 1).
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Chapter 12: Introduction to Bivariate Association and
Measures of Association for Variables Measured at the
Nominal Level
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the maximum difference is greater than 30,the relationship is
A)strong.
B)moderate.
C)weak.
D)statistically significant.
Q2) Measures of association
A)increase our understanding of causal relationships among variables.
B)provide proof of causal relationships among variables.
C)enhance our ability to predict from one variable to another.
D)both increase our understanding of causal relationships among variables and enhance our ability to predict from one variable to another
Q3) A researcher finds that males are much more supportive of cohabitation than females.The phi is 0.25.This is a ____ relationship.
A)moderate
B)negative
C)positive
D)strong
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Association Between Variables Measured at the
Ordinal Level
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Sample Questions
Q1) Gamma and lambda are based on the logic of A)chi square.
B)associational percentaging.
C)proportional repartitioning.
D)proportional reduction in error.
Q2) A gamma computed on the relationship between marital happiness and amount of TV viewing is +0.78.This means that
A)if we know how pairs of couples compare on TV viewing,we would be 78% better off predicting their ranks on marital happiness.
B)happily married couples don't watch TV.
C)couples that watch a lot of TV tend to be unhappy.
D)TV causes divorce.
Q3) In the formula for gamma,N<sub>s</sub> represents the number of pairs of cases
A)in all similar cells.
B)ranked the same on both variables.
C)in all cells.
D)that have the same score.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Association Between Variables Measured at the
Interval-Ratio Level
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Sample Questions
Q1) On a scattergram,the regression line
A)is drawn parallel to the horizontal axis.
B)is always perpendicular to the vertical axis.
C)comes as close as possible to touching every score.
D)touches at least half of the scores.
Q2) One key assumption of correlation analysis is that the variables have an essentially ____ relationship.
A)linear
B)non-linear
C)curvilinear
D)circular
Q3) The coefficient of determination may be interpreted with a logic akin to A)chi square.
B)the standard deviation.
C)PRE.
D)bivariate tables.
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16
Chapter 15: Partial Correlation and Multiple Regression and Correlation
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher examines the relationship between poverty and crime rates for 100 metropolitan areas and finds a zero-order correlation of 0.37.She controls for the percent of families that are headed by single parents and finds a first order partial correlation of 0.06.Which of the following correctly describes this outcome? This is a(n)____ relationship
A)direct
B)statistically significant
C)spurious
D)interactive
Q2) When examining a bivariate relationship using Pearson's r,the partial correlation computed while using one control variable is called
A)the first-order partial correlation coefficient.
B)the second-order partial correlation coefficient.
C)the intervening partial correlation coefficient.
D)the multiple partial correlation coefficient.
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