Research Methods in Psychology
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Research Methods in Psychology introduces students to the fundamental principles, strategies, and techniques used in psychological research. This course covers scientific methods, including experimental, correlational, and observational designs, as well as ethical considerations, measurement, data collection, and data analysis. Students will learn how to formulate research questions, design studies, interpret findings, and critically evaluate psychological literature. Emphasis is placed on developing practical skills for conducting research and understanding how empirical evidence informs psychological theory and practice.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for Psychology 6th Edition by Arthur Aron Ph.D
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Displaying the Order in a Group of Numbers
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Sample Questions
Q1) A way to simplify a frequency table when there are a large number of possible values is to group the scores into __________.
Answer: intervals
Q2) If each half of a distribution is a mirror image of the other,the distribution is __________.
Answer: symmetrical
Q3) Another way to describe a negatively skewed distribution is to say that
A)the distribution is skewed to the left.
B)the distribution is skewed to the right.
C)more scores are piled up at the low end of the range.
D)it illustrates a floor effect.
Answer: A
Q4) A normal curve is
A)bimodal.
B)symmetrical.
C)kurtotic.
D)skewed.
Answer: B
Q5) A distribution in which the scores pile up at one end is said to be __________.
Answer: skewed
3
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Chapter 2: Central Tendency and Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) The mode of the following scores 3,4,6,7,10,10,and 30 is
A)3
B)7
C)8)5
D)10
Answer: D
Q2) The scores of five high-school English teachers on a grammar test were 17,19,14,20,and 20.
a.Compute the mean,variance,and standard deviation.
b.Explain what you have done and what the results mean to a person who has never had a course in statistics.
Answer: A)M = 90/5 = 18; SS = 1 + 1 + 16 + 4 + 4 = 26; SD2 = 5.2; SD = 2.28. B)No answer in Test Bank.
Q3) In statistical formulas,N stands for
A)the number of different values for a variable.
B)the number of scores.
C)the normal curve.
D)the normalized Z score.
Answer: B
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Some Key Ingredients for Inferential Statistics: Z
Scores,the Normal Curve, Sample Versus Population, and Probability
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ is to M as is to SD.
Answer:
Q2) The traditional view about the normal curve in psychology is that normal curves are A)rare in nature,but often occur in psychological studies.
B)common in nature,but psychological measures rarely yield normally distributed scores.
C)almost guaranteed because of the way psychological measures are developed. D)rare both in nature and in the distributions of scores in psychological research.
Answer: C
Q3) A psychologist is most likely to calculate Z scores in order to A)compare scores obtained from two different scales.
B)compare the skew of two different distributions.
C)determine how far above or below the median a score is.
D)determine the shape of a distribution of scores.
Answer: A
Q4) The type of sampling that begins with a complete list of all the members of the population is __________ sampling.
Answer: random,probability
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Chapter 4: Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
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Sample Questions
Q1) A popular music magazine has speculated that the average length of a song on one of today's popular CDs is 3.75 minutes with a standard deviation of 0.75 minutes.A randomly selected song of a particular new type of music is 5 minutes.Using the .05 level of significance,is this new type of music,represented by this one song,longer than popular songs in general?
a.Use the five steps of hypothesis testing.
b.Sketch the distributions involved.
c.Explain the logic of what you did to a person who is familiar with graphs of distributions,the mean,standard deviation,Z scores,the normal curve and normal curve tables,and the basics of probability,but knows nothing else about statistics.Be sure your explanation includes the overall logic of hypothesis testing including each of the five steps.
Q2) If the null hypothesis is rejected,the researcher can conclude that the results
A)support the research hypothesis.
B)prove that the research hypothesis is true.
C)are inconclusive.
D)support the null hypothesis.
Q3) A contrived statement set up to examine whether it can be rejected as part of the hypothesis-testing process is the __________.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Hypothesis Tests With Means of Samples
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Sample Questions
Q1) The upper and lower ends of a confidence interval are the A)interval estimates.
B)certainty brackets.
C)multi-point estimates.
D)confidence limits.
Q2) What is the null hypothesis?
A)The rate of learning for the sample of rats tested with colorful wallpaper will be no different than the population of rats tested under ordinary circumstances.
B)The rate of learning for the sample of rats tested with colorful wallpaper will be faster than the population of rats tested under ordinary circumstances.
C)The rate of learning for the population of rats tested with colorful wallpaper will be no different than the population of rats tested under ordinary circumstances.
D)The rate of learning for the population of rats tested with colorful wallpaper will be faster than the population of rats tested under ordinary circumstances.
Q3) The lines that appear above the tops of the bars in a bar graph in a research article are __________.
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Chapter 6: Making Sense of Statistical Significance:decision
Errors, Effect Size, and Statistical Power
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Sample Questions
Q1) Type I errors occur when a statistically significant result is obtained when in fact
Q2) Using the .01 level of significance instead of the .05 level increases the chance of making a(n)__________.
Q3) The probability of making a Type I error is __________.
Q4) The statistical method currently used to combine the results of multiple studies is
A)meta-analysis.
B)power analysis.
C)regression analysis.
D)retrospective analysis.
Q5) The degree of separation between populations due to the independent variable is one way of understanding __________.
Q6) If power is 45%,then beta equals __________.
Q7) Failing to reject the null hypothesis when in fact it is false is a(n)__________.
Q8) The smaller the population standard deviation,the greater the power,because the distributions of means based on the known and comparison populations are both
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Chapter 7: Introduction to T Tests: Single Sample and Dependent
Means
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Sample Questions
Q1) The difference between a t test for a single sample and a Z test for a single sample is the way
A)the problem is restated as a research hypothesis and a null hypothesis about the populations.
B)the mean of the known population is determined.
C)the variance of the known population is determined.
D)the decision about whether to reject the null hypothesis is made.
Q2) Testing participants before and after an experimental manipulation is called a(n)__________ design.
Q3) The process of estimating the population variance from the scores in the sample involves
A)using a special table to find the estimated variance.
B)proceeding normally but interpreting the results with caution.
C)dividing the sum of squared deviations by N - 1 instead of N.
D)multiplying the sample variance by the degrees of freedom.
Q4) "Student's" t test was invented by
A)Philip Guinness.
B)William Gosset.
C)Jacob Cohen.
D)Joan Guinness.
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Chapter 8: The T Test for Independent Means
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Sample Questions
Q1) When conducting a t test for independent means,a typical research hypothesis might be
A)the mean of Population 1 is greater than the mean of Population 2.
B)the mean of Sample 1 is greater than the mean of Sample 2.
C)the mean of Population 1 is the same as the mean of Population 2.
D)the mean of Sample 1 is the same as the mean of Sample 2.
Q2) "t = (M - )/ S<sub>M</sub>" is the formula for a(n)__________.
Q3) To conduct a t test for independent means,the populations should both be normally distributed and have the same __________.
Q4) Even if the population variances are somewhat different,the t test for independent means would probably still be accurate because this test is __________ to violations of the assumption of equal population variances.
Q5) The comparison distribution for a t test for independent means is a t distribution instead of a normal curve because
A)tables are not available for the normal curve.
B)the population variance is estimated.
C)Z distributions were not used at the time the t test for independent means was invented.
D)there are more degrees of freedom for two samples than for one.
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Chapter 9: Introduction to the Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Advanced topic: (X-GM)<sup>2</sup>
A)equals the sum of squared deviations of scores from their group's mean.
B)ignores the group a score is in.
C)is always smaller than (X-M)<sup>2</sup>.
D)is used to determine the grand mean.
Q2) A crucial feature of planned comparisons is that they are
A)planned before the study is conducted.
B)planned after the study is conducted,but before the analysis of variance is conducted. C)tests of power,conducted before the study is conducted.
D)only conducted if power is greater than .80.
Q3) According to Cohen's conventions,an R<sup>2</sup> of 14% (.14)is considered a(n)__________ effect size.
Q4) Advanced topic: Thinking of each score in an analysis of variance in terms of its overall deviation being divided into two parts is the core idea of __________.
Q5) The between-groups population variance estimate divided by the within-groups population variance estimate is called __________.
Q6) Advanced topic: SS<sub>Total</sub> = __________.(Give a number.)
Q7) R<sup>2</sup> is never greater than __________.(Give a number.)
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Factorial Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a 4 × 2 design,"2" means that __________.
Q2) A 2 × 3 factorial design has
A)two variables that divide the groups.
B)six variables that divide the groups.
C)three variables that divide the groups.
D)five variables that divide the groups.
Q3) For a factorial analysis of variance,the assumptions that were necessary for a one-way analysis of variance
A)are no longer required.
B)are necessary for each cell.
C)are unchanged.
D)are unchanged,but less important,because factorial analysis of variance is more robust than one-way analysis of variance.
Q4) How many F ratios are figured in a two-way analysis of variance? A)1 B)2 C)3
D)as many as there are cells in the design
Q5) In a 4 × 2 design,"4" means that __________.
Q6) In a 2 × 3 × 3 analysis of variance,the number of null hypotheses is __________.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Correlation
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Sample Questions
Q1) When testing the significance of a correlation coefficient,the usual null hypothesis is that the correlation in the population is __________.(Give a number.)
Q2) The average of the cross-products of Z scores is a better indicator of the relationship between two variables than the sum of the cross-products of Z scores because the average
A)appropriately measures the strength of the relationship whereas the sum does not.
B)appropriately measures the direction of the relationship whereas the sum does not.
C)is converted to a standard scale from -10 to +10 whereas the sum is not.
D)is formed using a combination of the two variables' measurement scales whereas the sum is not.
Q3) To compare correlations with each other,the proportionate reduction in error can be figured by
A)multiplying each correlation coefficient by 10.
B)calculating the square root of each correlation coefficient.
C)squaring each correlation coefficient.
D)multiplying each correlation coefficient by 2.
Q4) Multiplying a low score by a low score will always be __________.
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Chapter 12: Prediction
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Q1) The best linear prediction rule will have the smallest sum of __________.(Give a name,not a symbol.)
Q2) If the predicted score for a person with a predictor variable score of 1 is 19.5 and for a person with a predictor variable score of 2 is 21.5,the regression coefficient is __________.(Give a number.)
Q3) A person's predicted score on the criterion variable is found by multiplying the person's score on the predictor variable by a particular number called a A)coefficient of redundancy.
B)regression constant.
C)proportionate reduction in error.
D)regression coefficient.
Q4) The principle for selecting the best linear prediction rule is called the __________ criterion.
Q5) In a bivariate linear prediction,the null hypothesis is that A) = 0 .
B) = 1 .
C) 0 . D) 1 .
Q6) Prediction is also called __________.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Chi-Square Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) "(N<sub>Columns</sub>-1)(N<sub>Rows</sub>-1)" is the formula for the degrees of freedom for
A)the chi-square test for goodness of fit.
B)the chi-square test for independence.
C)the chi-square statistic estimated from a one-way analysis of variance.
D)the chi-square statistic estimated from a two-way analysis of variance .
Q2) The effect size for the chi-square test for independence is measured by
Q3) When carrying out a chi-square test for independence,a good check on the arithmetic in figuring the expected frequencies is to make sure that
A)the expected frequency of each cell is no larger than the observed frequency.
B)the sum of all the expected frequencies times the degrees of freedom equals the sum of all the observed frequencies.
C)within any one row or column,the sum of the observed frequencies and the sum of the expected frequencies are the same.
D)the sum of all the expected frequencies for each row equals the sum of all the observed frequencies for each column minus 1.
Q4) The chi-square test was invented by __________.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Strategies When Population Distributions Are
Not Normal: Data Transformations and Rank-Order Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) For College B's transformed scores,the mean is __________,and the standard deviation is __________.
Q2) The rank-order test that would be used in the same kind of research situation as the correlation coefficient is
A)the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
B)the Wilcoxon rank-sum test.
C)the Kruskal-Wallis H test.
D)Spearman's rho.
Q3) After applying a square-root transformation,the attitude scores for College B are __________.
Q4) A widely used procedure when the sample's scores do not appear to come from a normal population is to
A)duplicate scores which will make the sample more normal.
B)sample only members of the population who will make the sample normal.
C)transform the sample scores.
D)delete the scores that make the distribution nonnormal if the results are not significant.
Q5) An extreme score that is at the far end of a sample distribution is called a(n)__________.
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Chapter 15: The General Linear Model and Making Sense of
Advanced Statistical Procedures in Research Articles
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Sample Questions
Q1) If an investigator using structural equation modeling measures school status as a combination of GPA,number of activities,and involvement in school government,school status is a
A)latent variable.
B)manifest variable.
C)measurement variable.
D)causal variable.
Q2) Cronbach's alpha can be thought of as
A)the average of the correlations between two halves of a test based on every possible split of the items into two halves.
B)the average of the largest and smallest correlations among test items.
C)the square root of the standardized path coefficient.
D)the standardized path coefficient squared.
Q3) Hierarchical linear modeling is a common name for A)path analysis.
B)factor analysis.
C)multilevel modeling.
D)structural equation modeling.
Q4) In a multilevel model,Level-1 variables reflect __________.
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Q5) In a MANOVA,__________ is the statistic computed when hypothesis testing.