Research Methods in Psychology
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
This course offers a comprehensive introduction to the principles and practices of research in psychology. Students will explore various research designs, including experimental, correlational, and observational methods, as well as qualitative and quantitative approaches. The course covers essential topics such as hypothesis formulation, sampling techniques, data collection, ethical considerations, analysis, and interpretation of results. Emphasis is placed on developing critical thinking skills and understanding how empirical evidence contributes to psychological knowledge. By the end of the course, students will be equipped to critically evaluate research studies and design their own psychological research projects.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics A Gentle Introduction 3rd Edition by Frederick L. Coolidge
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16 Chapters
341 Verified Questions
341 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: A Gentle Introduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) An experimenter defines "consumer assertion" as the total number of products that a consumer has returned for his or her money back in a 1-year period.This definition in statistics is
A)a confounding variable
B)a definitional periodicity
C)an operational definition
D)a continuous but discrete definition
E)measurement "error"
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following words typically has no place in a statistical report?
A)significant
B)insignificant
C)nonsignificant
Answer: B
Q3) Theories are often proven or disproven in science.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 2: Descriptive Statistics: Understanding
Distributions of Numbers
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Figure 2.3 (truck brands), the major problem of the presentation was
A)cutting off the bottom 95% of the bars' heights
B)hiding the brand names of the competing trucks
C)too many useless colors
D)meaningless three-dimensional bars
E)all of the above
Answer: A
Q2) A positively skewed distribution is also said to be
A)skewed normally
B)skewed left
C)skewed down
D)skewed up
E)none of the above
Answer: E
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4
Chapter 3: Statistical Parameters: Measures of Central
Tendency and Variation
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the mean of the advertising expenses (rounded to a whole number)?
A)$3284
B)$3285
C)$1975
D)$3241
Answer: B
Q2) What is the range of the previous set of scores?
A)18
B)64
C)46
D)490
Answer: C
Q3) The top salary in the previous set was $115,000.Would you consider that salary
A)a klinker
B)an outlier
C)neither because it falls well within three standard deviations of the mean
Answer: C
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Standard Scores, the Z Distribution, and
Hypothesis
Testing
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Sample Questions
Q1) For a person with an IQ of 145, according to the z distribution, his or her score would be in the _________ percentile.
A)99th (or 100th)
B)95th
C)90th
D)145th
Q2) On the Karen Horney-Coolidge Tridimensional Inventory (note: Karen Horney was a neo-Freudian), a student receives a raw score of 9 on the Compliance Dimension and a raw score of 12 on the Malevolence facet of Aggression.The student
A)was more malevolent than compliant
B)scored higher on the Malevolence facet than on the Compliance dimension
C)scored nearly equally on the two measures given the possibility of chance
D)it cannot be determined
Q3) From what negative z score to what positive z score would cut off the middle .9500 of the z distribution?
A)± 1.64
B)± 1.96
C)± 2.00
D)± 1.00
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Inferential Statistics: The Controlled Experiment,
Hypothesis Testing, and the Z Distribution
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Sample Questions
Q1) The probability of committing the Type I error is also called ___________.
A)alpha
B)beta
C)delta
D)omega
Q2) Because it is said in science "one experiment does not prove anything," statisticians rely on ___________ to test the usefulness of theories.
A)a controlled experiment
B)at least two experiments
C)parametric and nonparametric tests
D)replication
Q3) A trend in the data means that the experimenter
A)rejected the null hypothesis at p < .05
B)rejected the null hypothesis at p < .01
C)did not reject the null hypothesis but came close to doing so
D)none of the above
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Chapter 6: An Introduction to Correlation and Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) The coefficient of determination explains
A)the relationship between two variables
B)the proportion of variance in one variable accounted for by another variable and vice versa
C)the cause-effect relationship between two variables
D)all of the above
Q2) The strength of a relationship between two variables in correlation is ________________ of the significance testing.
A)highly dependent
B)actually independent (not completely, but mostly)
C)highly independent
D)the obverse
Q3) A Pearson correlation above r +.50 may be labeled
A)weak
B)significant
C)strong
D)nonsignificant
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8
Chapter 7: The T Test for Independent Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) The derived t value for this problem is
A)7.338
B)4.816
C)11.373
D)12.000
Q2) What significance level should be reported?
A)p < .05
B)p < .01
C)p < .001
D)p > .05
Q3) The correct statistical decision would be to
A)reject the null hypothesis at p < .05 (although it would be reported significant at p < .01)
B)retain the null hypothesis (p > .05)
C)reject the null hypothesis at p < .05 (although it would be reported significant at p < .001)
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Chapter 8: The T Test for Dependent Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) The value of the numerator in the dependent t test formula for this problem is approximately
A)0.08
B)4.50
C)4.42
D).333
Q2) The derived t value from the formula is
A)0.938
B)4.500
C)4.417
D)0.200
Q3) One drawback of dependent t test designs versus independent t test designs is the degrees of freedom.Given the same number of participants in both designs, which has the greater degrees of freedom?
A)dependent
B)independent
C)they are equal
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Chapter 9: Analysis of Variance Anova: One-Factor
Completely Randomized Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a three-group experiment is performed and the means for the three groups are analyzed with three t tests (Group 1 vs.Group 2, Group 2 vs.Group 3, Group 1 vs.Group 3), what is the probability of committing the Type I error?
A).05
B).10
C).14
D).15
Q2) The problem with the original Bonferroni correction is that A)one is more likely to commit the Type I error
B)the probability of the Type II error increases dramatically
C)Type I and Type II errors increase dramatically
D)the power of the test is increased
Q3) The sum of squares within groups (SSW) for this problem is A)1150.75
B)436.75
C)1587.50
D)24.591
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Page 11
Chapter 10: After a Significant Analysis of Variance: Multiple Comparison Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) The value of q in the appendix for Tukey's q values is A)3.90 B)4.91 C)3.85 D)4.80
Q2) What error degrees of freedom would be chosen in the appendix for Tukey's q value?
A)3
B)24 C)30 D)8
Q3) Tukey's HSD value for this problem would be A)39.7 B)91.5 C)45.3 D)91.2
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Chapter 11: Analysis of Variance Anova: One-Factor
Repeated-Measures Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) The degrees of freedom for SSB are A)3
B)18 C)24 D)35
Q2) The sum of squares for subjects (SSS) for this problem is
A)48,598.087
B)9,852.485
C)57,207.714
D)739,884.557
Q3) The error term sum of squares (SSW) for this problem is
A)8,524,828.52
B)784,628.05
C)24,869.08
D)2,344.57
Q4) The obtained F value for this problem is A)23.20
B)32.45
C)35.64
D)67.13
Chapter 12: Analysis of Variance: Two-Factor Completely
Randomized Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) The F value for drug levels is
A)0.16
B)7.77
C)112.92
D)0.42
Q2) The sums of squares for the interaction are
A)45.38
B)615.13
C)935.31
D)157.63
Q3) The sums of squares for gender are
A)615.13
B)935.31
C)157.63
D)117.19
Q4) The degrees of freedom for the interaction are A)1
B)2
C)42 D)47
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Chapter 13: Post Hoc Analysis of Factorial Anova
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Sample Questions
Q1) When checking for the significance of a main effect, the degrees of freedom for the numerator are the
A)number of levels of the main effect
B)number of levels of the main effect minus 1
C)number of levels of the main effect times 2
D)degrees of freedom for the denominator minus 1
Q2) For the boys, the results of Tukey's test in the interaction revealed
A)Ritalin worked best
B)Cylert worked best
C)the placebo worked best
D)none of the above
Q3) In the calculation of Tukey's HSD value, the calculation can be made at either p < .05 or .01
A)but those values are chosen based on the significance of the F value
B)depending on which level explains your data better
C)depending on the effect size analysis
D)or even p < .001
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15
Chapter 14: Factorial Anova: Additional Designs
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Sample Questions
Q1) The df for SST is
A)1
B)2
C)3
D)24
E)29
Q2) The SS for time is
A)324.967
B)1936.033
C)116.033
D)64.067
E)68.467
Q3) The SS for the interaction is A)1540.267
B)273.067
C)10.033
D)9.033
E)463.733
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Nonparametric Statistics: The Chi-Square Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) The derived chi-square value for this problem is
A)2.53
B)17.16
C)6.09
D)3.84
Q2) The derived chi-square value for this problem is
A)3.94
B)1.09
C)5.69
D)6.09
Q3) Which of the following is not an assumption of the chi-square test?
A)the data come from normal distributions
B)independent scores
C)minimum of five scores per cell
D)dependent variable is a frequency or count
Q4) The degrees of freedom for this chi-square problem are A)1
B)2
C)5 D)200
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Chapter 16: Other Statistical Parameters and Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) In linear discriminant function analysis, the criterion variable
A)is usually dichotomous
B)is usually continuous
C)is an a priori assumption by the experimenter
D)all of the above
E)a and c
Q2) A true positive is defined as
A)a test result is positive, and the patient actually has the condition
B)a test is negative, and the patient actually has the condition
C)a test is positive, and the patient doesn't have the condition
D)a test is negative, and the patient doesn't have the condition
Q3) The number of new verified cases of a disease in a year is called
A)prevalence
B)incidence
C)likelihood
D)number of new cases
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