Research Methods in Psychology
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Research Methods in Psychology introduces students to the fundamental principles and techniques used to investigate psychological questions scientifically. The course covers a range of research designs, including experimental, correlational, and observational methods, along with data collection strategies such as surveys, interviews, and assessments. Students will learn about ethical considerations, sampling techniques, and how to formulate research questions and hypotheses. Emphasis is placed on understanding how to analyze, interpret, and critically evaluate research findings using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Through practical exercises and assignments, students gain hands-on experience in designing studies, collecting data, and reporting results in accordance with professional standards in psychology.
Recommended Textbook
Psychological Testing and Assessment An Introduction to Tests and Measurement 8th Edition by
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Chapter 1: Psychological Testing and Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Today,a group-on-one interview where the interviewee is purposely made to feel uncomfortable (as illustrated in Chapter 1 of your text)
A) would be too unethical to conduct on a regular basis.
B) would be used only in research settings, not job interviews.
C) is only employed by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).
D) is exclusively employed by the US Postal Service.
Answer: A
Q2) Using CAPA,test users have the capability of has the capability of
A) creating virtual reality useful in role-play evaluations.
B) making quick and efficient score comparisons.
C) tailoring a test administration to testtaker's responses.
D) All of these
Answer: D
Q3) Which online data base is operated by the American Psychological Association?
A) ERIC
B) PsycINFO
C) Mentalmeasurementsyearbook.com
D) None of these
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Historical, cultural, and Legal Ethical
Considerations
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Sample Questions
Q1) A client tells his psychologist that he is planning to kill his girlfriend.The psychologist has reason to believe that the client will act on this plan.In this situation,the psychologist has a duty to:
A) keep the information privileged and address the problem in therapy.
B) keep the information confidential and address the problem in therapy.
C) warn the endangered third party or call the police.
D) contact the client for an emergency session to explore the issues further.
Answer: C
Q2) How did the work of Wundt differ from that of Galton,Binet,and James McKeen Cattell?
A) Wundt used standardized psychological tests.
B) Wundt utilized humans and not animal research subjects.
C) Wundt focused on how individuals were the same rather than different.
D) Wundt focused on how individuals were different rather than the same.
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: A Statistics Refresher
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Sample Questions
Q1) In theory,the distribution of the normal curve ranges from A) +3 to -3.
B) 0 to 100.
C) 0 to infinity.
D) negative infinity to positive infinity.
Answer: D
Q2) A distribution of test scores can be described by
A) a measure of central tendency
B) a measure of deviation
C) a graph
D) All of these
Answer: D
Q3) Which is the only type of scale that has an absolute zero point?
A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) ratio
D) interval
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Of Tests and Testing
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Q1) According to the team of sports psychologists introduced in the Chapter 4 Meetan Assessment Professional,which test was used with members of the Chicago Bulls?
A) the MMPI
B) the 16-PF
C) the Draw-A-Person test
D) the Rorschach Inkblot test
Q2) Reference to a "standard drink" in the psychology literature conveys information to knowledgeable readers about
A) how drunk the average person will be after chugging three beers.
B) the number of minutes it will take to get a "buzz" from a glass of wine.
C) the amount of alcohol there is in any beverage.
D) how addictive a particular form of alcohol is.
Q3) A score at the 20<sup>th</sup> percentile on a high school history test is
A) the score at or below which 80% of the scores in the distribution fall.
B) that point in a distribution at which 80% of the test questions were answered correctly.
C) the score at or below which 20% of the scores in the distribution fall.
D) grounds for termination from a varsity team in most high schools.
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Chapter 5: Reliability
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Q1) The Rasch model
A) was developed by a Danish mathematician named Rasch.
B) is an IRT model with specific assumptions about the underlying distribution.
C) was devised from generalizability
D) Both a and b
Q2) Which of the following is generally the preferred statistic for obtaining a measure of internal-consistency reliability?
A) KR-20
B) KR-21
C) Kendall's Tau
D) coefficient alpha
Q3) IRT is a term used to refer to
A) a model that has many parameters.
B) a parameter that has many models.
C) a family of models for data analysis.
D) a dysfunctional family of models.
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Chapter 6: Validity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which qualifies as a construct?
A) depression
B) intelligence
C) mechanical aptitude
D) All of these
Q2) The minimum value of a content validity ratio necessary to be statistically significant at the .05 level is dependent on
A) the number of panelists judging the items.
B) the degree of the construct validity of the test.
C) the number of testtakers.
D) the number of items on the test.
Q3) A standard against which a test or test score is evaluated is known as A) a facet.
B) a correlation coefficient.
C) a validity coefficient.
D) a criterion.
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Chapter 7: Utility
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Sample Questions
Q1) In general,the ____________ the misclassification rate,the lower the ____________.
A) lower; test's utility
B) lower; base rate
C) higher; test's utility
D) higher; base rate
Q2) Sally and Bob both apply for a position as an accounting clerk.The Human Resource (HR)professional responsible for selecting the best candidate for position administers a standardized test of basic mathematical skills to both Sally and Bob.Based on their scores,the HR professional chooses Sally.The reason for this choice is a determination that Sally has an 85% chance of performing at an acceptable level.By contrast,Bob's score indicated that he had only a 50% chance of performing successfully.The tool of assessment used to make this hiring decision MOST probably was
A) the method of predictive yield.
B) a Taylor-Russell table.
C) an expectancy table.
D) the Rorschach.
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Chapter 8: Test Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) A math test developer is interested in deriving an index of the difficulty of the average item for his math test.As his consultant on test development,you advise him that this index could be obtained by:
A) identifying the item deemed to be average in difficulty and then deriving an item-difficulty index for that item.
B) averaging the item-difficulty indices for all test items and then dividing by the total number of items on the test.
C) dividing the total number of items on the test by the average item-difficulty index.
D) raising that very same question to a more knowledgeable test development consultant.
Q2) When a test is translated from one language in one culture to another language in another culture,______ can help ensure that the original test and the translated test are reasonably equivalent and tapping the same construct.
A) a translator
B) IRT
C) bi-lingual people who are experts on the two cultures
D) All of these
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Chapter 9: Intelligence and Its Measurement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following BEST represents the current thinking on genetic versus environmental explanations for differences in measured intelligence between groups?
A) Variability in measured intelligence attributed to individual differences far exceeds variability attributed to group differences.
B) There exists a positive relationship between intelligence and a number of important social outcomes such as academic success.
C) Intelligence is negatively related to a number of socially undesirable outcomes such as crime.
D) All of these
Q2) In the Chapter 9 Meet an Assessment Professional,Dr.Barbara Pavlo reflected that students of psychology would do well to
A) envision themselves conducting psychotherapy.
B) envision themselves administering tests.
C) envision themselves interpreting a Rorschach protocol.
D) consider other careers.
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Chapter 10: Tests of Intelligence
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Q1) The WAIS-IV General Ability Index (GAI)was described in your textbook as
A) a composite of the Working Memory Index, the Perceptual Reasoning Index, and the Processing Speed Index.
B) a composite of the former Verbal and Performance indexes.
C) "a composite of three composites."
D) "a composite of two composites."
Q2) In intelligence testing,ceiling typically refers to the A) most difficult items of a subtest.
B) level of difficulty beyond which a test is no longer valid.
C) highest end of a confidence interval.
D) element of the test environment that contains recessed lighting.
Q3) Which of the following tests employed by the Army during World War I was MOST likely to be "culture-fair"?
A) the Army Alpha Test
B) the Army Beta
C) the AGCT
D) the ASVAB
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Chapter 11: Assessment for Education
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Sample Questions
Q1) Evaluations of students using the peer appraisal method may be obtained by consulting
A) the student being evaluated, since this is a self-report measure.
B) the teacher, the parent, and family members of the student
C) individuals with whom the student attends classes with and socializes with.
D) Both b and c
Q2) On a psychoeducational test battery,an intra-individual comparison may be made to evaluate a testtaker's:
A) relative strengths and weaknesses.
B) performance relative to other testtakers of the same age.
C) performance relative to other testtakers at the same grade level.
D) social skills relative to others of the same age.
Q3) Aptitude tests measure
A) the cognitive abilities that intelligence tests measure.
B) learning that has occurred as a result of exposure to a relatively defined learning experience.
C) learning that has occurred informally through life experiences.
D) learning that has occurred through formal structured input.
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Chapter 12: Personality Assessment: An Overview
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Sample Questions
Q1) "The unique way people interpret and make sense of their perceptions as a consequence of their learning experiences,cultural background,and related variables." This is a definition of which of the following terms?
A) instrumental values
B) terminal values
C) worldview
D) acculturation
Q2) A personality test contains items that were constructed by means such as consulting textbooks,reviewing clinical records,and consulting with experts in the field.Which approach to test construction BEST describes the approach of this test author?
A) the criterion groups approach
B) the factor analytic approach
C) the experiential approach
D) the content-oriented approach
Q3) The Q-sort technique may not yield useful results if
A) respondents are unwilling to reveal accurate information about themselves.
B) it is used outside of a humanistically-oriented clinical setting.
C) it is used by someone other than a licensed psychologist or psychiatrist.
D) All of these
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Chapter 13: Personality Assessment Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) Timeline-followback procedure is to ecological momentary assessment,as past is to A) present.
B) antecedent.
C) consequence.
D) the "there and then."
Q2) Self-monitoring can be both a method of data collection and
A) a type of projective instrument.
B) an intervention itself.
C) a means of watching oneself on closed circuit television.
D) a method of increasing the generalizability of findings.
Q3) Which of the following words is most likely to be considered "traumatic" on a word association test?
A) dance
B) stomach
C) water
D) mother
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Chapter 14: Clinical and Counseling Assessment
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Q1) Which of the following is the most common reason for psychiatric hospitalization?
A) anxiety
B) depression
C) attention deficit disorder
D) schizophrenia
Q2) What is commonly referred to as profiling is referred to by the FBI as
A) criminal psychological analysis.
B) criminal psychoanalysis.
C) criminal investigative analysis.
D) investigative psychological analysis.
Q3) According to Wakefield,disorders result from
A) environmental factors.
B) a breakdown of internal mechanisms.
C) an interaction between internal mechanisms and the environment.
D) the interaction of forces that are yet to be determined.
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Chapter 15: Neuropsychological Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Neuropsychological deficits in organizing and planning can BEST be assessed by which of the following?
A) the Wechsler Similarities Test
B) a proverb interpretation test
C) the Porteus Maze Test
D) an object sorting test
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a research question raised in an fMRI study cited in Chapter 15 of your textbook?
A) How does traumatic brain injury impact the brain network that mediates memory?
B) How does depression moderate reward anticipation?
C) How does watching aggression on the tv show Cops affect the brain?
D) How does one's favorite song activate brain circuitry?
Q3) Medical diagnostic procedures,such as PET scans and CT scans,are LEAST likely to be used to diagnose
A) epilepsy.
B) brain lesions.
C) brain tumors.
D) depression.
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Chapter 16: Assessment, Careers, and Business References
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Q1) A disadvantage of focus groups as compared to other tools in the assessment of consumer behavior is the
A) lower reliability of focus groups.
B) limited applicability of focus groups in consumer research.
C) open-ended nature of focus groups.
D) lack of in-depth information that results from focus groups.
Q2) Employers use the résumé and the cover letter to assess all the following EXCEPT
A) the appropriateness of career objectives.
B) perceived sincerity.
C) work-related thought processes.
D) prior job-related experience.
Q3) To monitor what really prompts consumers to purchase a particular product at the "point of choice," the market researcher should use which of the following?
A) direct observation
B) focus groups
C) in-depth interviews
D) phone interviews
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