Research Methods in Nursing
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
This course introduces nursing students to the fundamental concepts, principles, and techniques of research as they apply to the field of nursing. Emphasizing both quantitative and qualitative approaches, the course covers research design, data collection methods, sampling strategies, and ethical considerations specific to nursing research. Students learn how to critically appraise published studies, develop research questions, and understand the processes of evidence-based practice. The course prepares students to integrate research findings into nursing practice and lays a foundation for participation in research activities and advanced academic study.
Recommended Textbook Nursing Research 8th Edition by Geri
LoBiondoWood
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Integrating Research, Evidence-Based Practice, and Quality Improvement Processes
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Q1) Which aspect of the scientific investigation of nursing practice is also a fundamental concept of American Nurses Association (ANA)'s Code for Nurses?
A) Professional accountability
B) Standards of care
C) Legal scope of practice
D) Advanced practice nursing activities
Answer: A
Q2) Which of these actions demonstrates the role of a knowledgeable consumer of nursing research?
A) Designing a nursing research study
B) Analyzing data to determine a study's outcomes
C) Evaluating the credibility of research findings
D) Implementing an intervention found to be effective in one clinical case study
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Clinical Questions
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Q1) A nurse's research question is, "How does maternal employment among health care professionals affect infant health during the first 6 months of life?" In this question, what is the dependent variable?
A) Infant health
B) Maternal employment
C) First 6 months of life
D) Health care professionals
Answer: A
Q2) The nurse has defined the hypothesis as, "There will be no difference in the number of adverse events among patients discharged two days after an abdominal hysterectomy compared with patients discharged 4 days after an abdominal hysterectomy." This statement is an example of what?
A) Directional hypothesis
B) Nondirectional hypothesis
C) Research hypothesis
D) Null hypothesis
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Gathering and Appraising the Literature
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Q1) Which objective of a review of the literature is unique to a review for research purposes, rather than a review for evidence-based practice?
A) Discover conceptual frameworks used to examine problems
B) Generate useful research questions and hypotheses
C) Determine what is unknown about a subject, as well as what requires clarification
D) Uncover a new practice intervention or gain support for current interventions and policies
Answer: B
Q2) For which of these reasons would a nurse researcher decide to use secondary sources in a review of the literature?
A) They provide material written by the person who conducted the study.
B) They provide a different way of looking at specific issues or problems.
C) They define the relationship of two or more variables affecting an outcome.
D) They supplement the body of nursing knowledge in a specific area of practice.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Theoretical Frameworks for Research
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Q1) When reading a report of results of a nursing research study, the nurse notices that the theoretical framework is drawn from a discipline other than nursing. When critiquing the theoretical framework, the nurse should determine the answer to which of these questions?
A) Does the research have implications across disciplines?
B) Is the researcher a recognized leader in the discipline of nursing?
C) Does the author have special expertise or education in the discipline from which the theoretical framework is derived?
D) Has the author clearly indicated the meaning of the theoretical framework to the study and linked it to nursing?
Q2) Which phrase correctly defines a theory?
A) The operational definition of the study's conceptual framework
B) The assumptions and beliefs of the worldview of the researcher
C) A set of interrelated concepts that provides a systematic view of a phenomenon
D) A researcher's best guess of the direction of the relationship between variables
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Chapter 5: Introduction to Qualitative Research
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Q1) Which aim of research is characteristic of or appropriate for qualitative research methods?
A) Control
B) Prediction
C) Explanation
D) Understanding
Q2) In which of these circumstances should a nurse researcher select a qualitative research design instead of a quantitative design?
A) The time for data collection is limited.
B) The research question is clinical in nature.
C) The goal is to view the phenomenon in the same way as those who experience it.
D) The researcher is a novice with minimal experience in scientific problem solving.
Q3) Which description is typical of a qualitative research study?
A) Deductive reasoning is used.
B) Truth is a subject's perception of reality.
C) Sample size is determined before the study begins.
D) One or more variables are measured in a context-free setting.
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Chapter 6: Qualitative Approaches to Research
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Q1) Which statement is consistent with an emic view of a factor or situation?
A) Health care provider's statement that Native Americans are stoic in the experience of pain
B) Kindergarten teacher's statement that there are fewer discipline problems among Asian children
C) The National Cancer Institute's report that the incidence rate of prostate cancer is high among African American men
D) White teenager's statement that being "skinny" is more socially acceptable than having a higher weight
Q2) When reviewing the report of a phenomenologic study, the nurse finds there is no section that describes or reports the research question. What approach should be used to determine the research question?
A) Examination of the themes that emerged from the study
B) Examination of the data analysis methods used in the study
C) Examination of the questions or statements posed to the study participants
D) Examination and critical analysis of the articles reported in the literature review
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Chapter 7: Appraising Qualitative Research
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Q1) When critiquing a report of a qualitative research study, the nurse asks, "Is protection of human participants addressed?" This question is critiquing what section of the report?
A) Data analysis
B) Data collection
C) Statement of the phenomenon of interest
D) Conclusions, implications, and recommendations
Q2) Which of these titles of a research report indicates the study is qualitative, rather than quantitative?
A) Predicting the treatment choice for women older than age 50 experiencing breast cancer
B) Evaluating nursing interventions for complex oncology clinical phenomena
C) Using virtual reality as a distraction method during chemotherapy
D) Transcending pain during bone marrow aspiration
Q3) Qualitative research is designed to describe what?
A) Results of hypothesis testing
B) Definitive conclusions to research questions
C) Insiders' views of a human phenomenon
D) Findings derived from a large, randomly selected sample
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Chapter 8: Introduction to Quantitative Research
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Q1) A nurse researcher is designing a quantitative research study involving a specific group of patients admitted to local hospitals. Which factor would negatively affect the feasibility of this study?
A) The local region has a high percentage of families that could participate in the study.
B) Potential study subjects represented less than 1% of hospital admissions during the year previous to the study.
C) Study participants who were hospitalized children younger than 5 years could not give direct informed consent to participate in the study.
D) A comprehensive review of the literature revealed no studies were conducted that examined this question during the past 15 years.
Q2) A nurse researcher assigns half a study sample to an experimental group and the other half to a control group. What does this action represent?
A) Instrumentation of the independent variable
B) Manipulation of the mediating variable
C) Elimination of the mediating variable
D) Manipulation of the independent variable
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Chapter 9: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs
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Q1) An after-only nonequivalent control group design would be appropriate to study which of these research questions?
A) What is the effect of the cause of spousal death on widows' self-esteem?
B) What is the effect of preoperative teaching on vascular complications after orthopedic surgery?
C) What is the effect of a mentorship program on improvement of students' clinical performance in a baccalaureate nursing program?
D) What is the effect of a videotaped teaching method on knowledge of adolescent males about the warning signs of testicular cancer?
Q2) Which action would increase the control of an experimental study?
A) Establishing strict criteria for subject selection
B) Allowing participants to decide whether or not to be in the experimental group
C) Ensuring that subjects do not know the purpose of the experimental study
D) Increasing the number of assistants involved in data collection
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Chapter 10: Nonexperimental Designs
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Q1) A nurse researcher would decide to use a longitudinal or prospective design for which reason?
A) It is associated with data that are focused and deep.
B) It allows the overall study to be more manageable for the researcher.
C) It allows the issue of maturation to be avoided as a threat to internal validity.
D) It allows the nurse researcher to avoid the use of tools or instrumentation.
Q2) What is the first question that should be asked in determining whether a cross-sectional design or a longitudinal design should be used in a quantitative study?
A) Is there an independent variable?
B) What is the nature of the problem being studied?
C) Will a measurement tool or instrument be needed?
D) Can statistical analysis be applied to the study data?
Q3) The longitudinal study and the prospective study are similar for which reason?
A) Each moves forward in time.
B) Each has an experimental focus.
C) Each is able to establish causal relationships.
D) Each selects different samples from the same population at various periods of time.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Systematic Reviews and Clinical Practice
Guidelines
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Q1) ____ types of participants
Q2) ___ methods for selecting studies for review
Q3) ___ search methods for finding studies
Q4) ___ discussion
Q5) ___ data collection
Q6) ___ type of studies reviewed
Q7) Which are methods for searching and integrating the literature related to a specific clinical issue? (Select all that apply.)
A) Meta-analysis
B) Systematic review
C) Cochrane collaboration
D) Integrative review
Q8) ___ results
Q9) ___ authors and contact person
Q10) ___ objectives of the search
Q11) ___ abstract
Q12) ___ analysis of the located studies Page 13
Q14) ___ background of the question
Q15) ___ implications for research and practice
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Chapter 12: Sampling
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Q1) A nurse researcher has made a generalization on the basis of the experience of a small number of participants. What will the result of this be?
A) The small sample will invalidate the hypotheses.
B) The researcher will be unable to eliminate his or her bias.
C) The data obtained from a small number will inadequately represent the phenomenon.
D) The small number of participants will increase the threat to internal validity influenced by history.
Q2) The nurse researcher is attempting to develop a purposive sampling strategy as part of a research study. What criteria will be used to determine whether the strategy is purposive? (Select all that apply.)
A) Validation of scale with a known-group technique
B) Focus of study population relates to specific diagnosis
C) Focus of study population relates to broad, general topic
D) Effective posttesting of instruments
E) Collection of exploratory data
F) Collection of descriptive data
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Chapter 13: Legal and Ethical Issues
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Q1) All the following statements appear in a study's informed consent form. Which statement violates the Code of Federal Regulations?
A) "I understand that I may feel discomfort during the study when blood is drawn."
B) "I understand that the researcher is not responsible for negligence-caused injury."
C) "I understand that I will not be compensated for participating in this study."
D) "I understand that participating in the study will not immediately benefit me."
Q2) The nurse researcher is planning a research study that will use human subjects and their choice to participate in a specific treatment. The ethical principle guiding the research study that describes the nurse researcher's obligation to benefit others is what?
A) Justice
B) Beneficence
C) Confidentiality
D) Respect for persons
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Chapter 14: Data Collection Methods
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Q1) Which data collection method can be assessed by asking, "Is there a provision for evaluating the accuracy of the instrument?"
A) Questionnaires
B) Interviews
C) Physiologic measurement
D) Records and databases
Q2) Which data collection method can be assessed by asking, "Is there evidence that subjects were able to answer the questions?"
A) Questionnaires
B) Interviews
C) Physiologic measurement
D) Records and databases
Q3) Which data collection method can be assessed by asking, "Is there clear indication that the subjects understood the task and the questions?"
A) Questionnaires
B) Interviews
C) Physiologic measurement
D) Records and databases
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Chapter 15: Reliability and Validity
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Q1) An ear temperature probe that consistently reports body temperature at a degree lower than the patient's actual temperature has what type of reliability or validity problem?
A) Reduced reliability, systematic error
B) Reduced validity, random error
C) Increased validity, systematic error
D) Increased validity, random error
Q2) Which measures used to test reliability are specific for equivalence? (Select all that apply.)
A) Test-retest reliability
B) Item-to-total correlation
C) Parallel or alternate form
D) Split-half reliability
E) Kuder-Richardson coefficient
F) Cronbach's alpha
G) Interrater reliability
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18
Chapter 16: Data Analysis: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
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Q1) The nurse researcher is interested in estimating how reliably data can be used to generalize the findings of a study. In order for this to occur, the researcher should use what?
A) Inferential statistics
B) Descriptive statistics
C) Nonparametric statistics
D) Mathematical statistics
Q2) The nurse researcher is interested in using nominal level data. The object or event that could be used if nominal-level data are of primary interest is what?
A) Test scores
B) Education level
C) Marital status
D) Weight
Q3) Which data measurement scales typically use nonparametric tests of significance? (Select all that apply.)
A) Nominal
B) Ordinal
C) Interval
D) Ratio
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Chapter 17: Understanding Research Findings
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Q1) When presenting results, it is essential that investigators avoid what? (Select all that apply.)
A) Opinion
B) Bias
C) Reactionary statements
D) Data
Q2) Which section of the report allows a nurse researcher to review critical summary numbers for each test?
A) Results
B) Discussion
C) Literature review
D) Methods
Q3) When discussing the results, what facilitates presentation of large amounts of data?
A) Subjective presentation
B) Inferential statistics
C) Tables and figures
D) Descriptive statistics
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Chapter 18: Appraising Quantitative Research
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Q1) The critical appraisal question that would most accurately evaluate the data-collection methods and procedures of a research report is what?
A) Would it be possible to replicate this study in another clinical setting?
B) Are the results of each hypothesis or research question presented and presented objectively?
C) Did testing of the hypothesis(es) or research question(s) clearly support or not support each hypothesis or research question?
D) Was there an observation guide?
Q2) Why would a study involving continuous handrail support, oxygen uptake, and heart rate in women during submaximal step treadmill exercise be quasi-experimental in design versus experimental?
A) The sample size was small.
B) Randomization was not used in sample selection.
C) The dependent variables were not manipulated.
D) The independent variables were not manipulated.
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Chapter 19: Strategies and Tools for Developing an
Evidence-Based Practice
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Q1) Therapy-type articles are associated with outcome variables that are categorized as what? (Select all that apply.)
A) Continuous
B) Isolated
C) Rich text
D) Dichotomous
Q2) Which term is used to describe the reduction of risk because of an experimental treatment?
A) Relative risk reduction
B) Number needed to treat
C) Control event rate
D) Absolute risk reduction
Q3) Types of EBP clinical categories include what? (Select all that apply.)
A) Therapy
B) Diagnosis
C) Prognosis
D) Harm
E) Hazard
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Chapter 20: Developing an Evidence-Based Practice
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Q1) Which is an electronic database for clinical problems and evidence-based research?
A) Health and Psychosocial Instruments File
B) Cochrane
C) National Clearinghouse
D) Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Index
Q2) Which question should a nurse researcher consider in identifying key stakeholders?
A) When will system changes be necessary?
B) How will uncooperative stakeholders be handled?
C) What is the step-by-step process of decision making in implementing EBP?
D) Who can influence the decision to proceed with implementation of an EBP?
Q3) Which approach is useful to evaluate an EBP standard after providers have written it?
A) Nursing staff meeting
B) Focus group
C) Patient safety committee
D) Quality improvement committee
Q4) ___ establish content validity of data collection forms
Q5) ___ collect data at specified intervals
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Chapter 21: Quality Improvement
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Q1) Increased ability to create value for both parties
A)Customer focus/patient focus
B)Leadership
C)Involvement of people
D)Process approach
E)System approach to management
F)Continual improvement
G)Factual approach to decision making
H)Mutually beneficial supplier relationships
Q2) What is the name of the initiative of organizations that buy health care and are working to improve the safety, quality, and affordability of health care for Americans?
A) Physician Quality Reporting Initiative
B) Home Health Compare
C) The Leapfrog Group
D) Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems
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