Research Methods in Education
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Course Introduction
Research Methods in Education provides students with a comprehensive understanding of the methodologies and techniques used to investigate educational phenomena. The course covers both qualitative and quantitative research approaches, including experimental design, surveys, case studies, ethnography, and action research. Students learn how to formulate research questions, review relevant literature, collect and analyze data, and interpret findings within ethical guidelines. Emphasis is placed on developing critical thinking and analytical skills necessary for designing robust studies and evaluating educational research, preparing students to contribute effectively to the field of education.
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Educational Research Competencies for Analysis and Applications Global Edition 11th Edition by
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Educational Research
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Q1) Which of the following research questions is most consistent with a correlational study?
A) Is there a relationship between amount of silent independent reading time allocated in a classroom and reading standardized test scores?
B) What are the characteristics of a typical classroom's silent independent reading session?
C) Are there grade level differences in the effectiveness of independent silent reading?
D) How many minutes is the typical independent silent reading session?
Answer: A
Q2) The philosophical assumption that addresses the nature of reality is referred to as A) epistemology.
B) phenomenology.
C) ontology.
D) methodology.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Selecting and Defining a Research Topic
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Q1) Of the following, which is a quantitative research problem?
A) The purpose of the study is to study the characteristics of female students in advanced mathematics courses.
B) The purpose of this study is to examine relationships between future career goals and enrollment in advanced mathematics courses.
C) This study examines what teachers should do to enroll more female students in advanced mathematics courses.
D) The goals of this research were to describe two female students' experiences in advanced mathematics.
Answer: B
Q2) Chyna is conducting a study with college students reading science texts that explores the role of interest apart from knowledge as articulated in Patricia Alexander's Model of Domain Learning. Chyna's research problem is best described as a study that A) tests theory.
B) is a replication.
C) is developed from a library search.
D) comes from personal experiences.
Answer: A
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4
Chapter 3: Reviewing the Literature
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Q1) The review of the literature includes
A) the participants included in the study.
B) the procedures for data collection.
C) the research problem of the study.
D) the discussion of the data analysis conducted.
Answer: C
Q2) If you were to set a priority on searching one database for your educational literature review for a study, what database would you search?
A) ERIC
B) PsycINFO
C) Sociofile
D) EDUC ABSTRACTS
Answer: A
Q3) According to your text, what is the best way to organize the report of the literature?
A) Present each reference by date with a mini-abstract.
B) Present each major finding in turn
C) Present the studies that have similar findings
D) Provide a meaningful summary of the studies related to main problems
Answer: D
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Preparing and Evaluating a Research Plan
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Q1) Which of the following components is a qualitative research plan most likely to include?
A) A description of the hypothesis
B) A discussion of the representativeness of sample
C) A section that demonstrates relevance of the study
D) A presentation of the initial findings
Q2) In which of the following qualitative research plan sections is the sample consent form generally presented?
A) Data collection
B) Site and sample selection
C) Data analysis
D) Appendixes
Q3) Which of the following is a suggestion for qualitative researchers regarding conducting fieldwork prior to their proposal?
A) Fieldwork is conducted only after the research plan is approved.
B) Fieldwork conducted prior to the proposal is unethical.
C) Fieldwork prior to proposal is unadvisable as it may decrease potential participants.
D) Fieldwork conducted prior to the formal proposal is advisable.
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Chapter 5: Selecting a Sample
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Q1) If all participants in a given sample have an equal and independent chance of being selected for a study it is said that the sample has been selected A) randomly.
B) systematically.
C) biasedly.
D) conveniently.
Q2) Bonnie is conducting a study on the social skills of those children who have identified speech and language needs. She selects children who have Individual Education Plans for speech and language only and not any other educational exceptionalities. Bonnie is illustrating A) homogeneous sampling.
B) intensity sampling.
C) criterion sampling.
D) snowball sampling.
Q3) The type of random sampling that targets groups, not individuals is A) criteria.
B) cluster.
C) homogeneous.
D) simple random.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Selecting Measurement Instruments
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Q1) Robert scored an 87 on a recent mathematics placement test. John scored an 86. The standard error of measurement of the test is 4. What can we conclude about the two students' actual measures?
A) Robert's true score is higher than John's B) John's true score is higher than Robert's C) Robert's true score may be higher than John's D) The two student's true scores are equal
Q2) The extent to which unintended outcomes arise from the testing activity is referred to as ___________ validity.
A) content
B) criterion-related
C) construct
D) consequential
Q3) The extent to which a test actually measures what it is designed to measure is referred to as ____________ validity.
A) content
B) criterion-related
C) construct
D) consequential
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Survey Research
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Q1) Pam conducted a survey study and received an initial response rate of approximately 34%. She sent a second mailing and obtained an additional 6%. What do you suggest for Pam now?
A) Her response rate is adequate. Analyze her data and report her findings.
B) Her response rate is low. Send a third mailing.
C) Her response rate is low. Redesign the survey.
D) Her response rate is low. Try to determine if there is a systematic reason why.
Q2) Of the following, which is the sample technique most often used in survey research?
A) Cluster
B) Stratified
C) Systematic
D) Purposive
Q3) One drawback of personal administration methods is that
A) it is difficult to get personal data.
B) there is a strong possibility of response sets.
C) administrators must be trained.
D) possible interviewer bias.
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Chapter 8: Correlational Research
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Q1) A strong negative correlation coefficient indicates that A) two variables are not related.
B) two variables are inversely related.
C) there has been measurement error.
D) there has been calculation error
Q2) Joyce read a study that reported students' age was correlated r = -.68 with classroom management referrals. This correlation indicates as age increases, A) classroom management referrals are about equally likely to decrease or increase.
B) classroom management referrals are more likely to decrease.
C) classroom management referrals are more likely to increase.
D) classroom management referrals are likely to remain at the same level.
Q3) Sam concluded in his research report that as class size increased teaching efficacy also increased. Of the following which is a correlation coefficient would best support Sam's claim.
A) -.82
B) .09
C) .24
D) .68
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Chapter 9: Causal-Comparative Research
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Q1) Katrina has conducted a study that examines entering children's social skills. She had first-grade teachers rate students' social skills at the end of first grade. She then compared the scores of students who attended formal Pre-Kindergarten programs with those who did not. What is the dependent variable in Katrina's study?
A) First grade
B) Pre-Kindergarten programs
C) Social Skills
D) First grade teachers
Q2) Alice's study examined the benefits of early morning exercise on young children's attention during circle time. She had two groups of students, one who came to circle time first and then had recess and a second group that had recess before circle time. She is comparing the groups' attention based upon a frequency of off-task behaviors by group at circle. The likely descriptive statistic for Alice's dependent variable is
A) the range of off-task behavior by group.
B) the mode off-task behavior by group.
C) the mean off-task behavior by group.
D) the median off-task behavior by group.
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Chapter 10: Experimental Research
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Q1) Given the following notation, which design is illustrated?
\[\begin{array} { l l }
\mathrm { X } _ { 1 } & \mathrm { O } \\
\mathrm { X } _ { 2 } & \mathrm { O }
\end{array}\]
A) One-group posttest-only design
B) One group pretest-posttest design
C) Posttest only control group design
D) Posttest-only design with nonequivalent groups
Q2) Laura was conducting a study on two treatment interventions to increase patriotism. During her study, terrorist attacks on a federal building occurred. Laura should be concerned with which of the following validity threats?
A) Statistical regression
B) Instrumentation
C) History
D) Testing
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12
Chapter 11: Single-Subject Experimental Research
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Q1) Another name for the simultaneous treatment design is the ________________ design.
A) alternating treatment
B) experimenter manipulated
C) multiple baseline
D) return to baseline
Q2) Which of the following designs best represents an 'additive' design?
A) Case Study Design
B) A-B Design
C) B-A-B Design
D) A-B-A Design
Q3) Karen is replicating a study she did for her thesis. She uses the same classroom and the same intervention with a new student. Karen is displaying which type of replication?
A) Thematic
B) Direct
C) Clinical
D) Generalized
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Chapter 12: Narrative Research
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Q1) Which of the following is a key characteristic of narrative research?
A) Narrative research is best conducted independently.
B) Narrative research is concerned with experiences of individuals.
C) Narrative research is concerned with generalizability of findings.
D) Narrative research is concerned with internal validity.
Q2) As a narrative researcher interested in acts of extreme school violence, you have identified the purpose of your study and the phenomenon to explore. What is your next step?
A) Pose initial narrative research questions.
B) Describe data collection methods.
C) Describe the researcher's role.
D) Select an individual to learn about the phenomenon.
Q3) Which of the following is NOT considered a type of narrative research?
A) Personal accounts
B) Autoethnography
C) Participant observations
D) Life writing
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Chapter 13: Ethnographic Research
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Q1) An ethnographic account is generally written as a(n)
A) narrative.
B) technical report.
C) autobiography.
D) biography.
Q2) Anu has focused his ethnography on teenagers in the foster care system. The aim of his work is to advocate for a larger number of placements for these children as many families feel the challenges of raising foster teenage children are too great, and therefore select to foster younger children. Anu's ethnography would be best classified as a(n)
A) autoethnography.
B) critical ethnography.
C) realist ethnography.
D) confessional ethnography.
Q3) Of the following types of ethnographies, which represents a report of the ethnographer's field work experiences?
A) Microethnography
B) Critical ethnography
C) Ethnographic case study
D) Confessional ethnography
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Chapter 14: Case Study Research
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Q1) A researcher is conducing a case study of three teachers within a school. Which of the following data collection procedures is the researcher most likely to take?
A) Spend at least four months in the classrooms collecting data.
B) Emphasize field notes and observations of the school's cultural scene.
C) Focus on active collaboration between the researcher and teachers.
D) Collect as many types of data as possible for an in-depth understanding.
Q2) Of the following, which is the best example of a multiple case study?
A) Josh compares the results of two studies conducted on the outcomes of environmental education programs.
B) Maricella compares the experiences of two different families as they cope with medical decisions related to their newborn children.
C) Kenya compares the self-reported family dynamics between male and female single-parent families
D) Nadia examines the differences between student writing outcomes between those provided personal laptops in school and those who are not provided laptops
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Chapter 15: Mixed Methods Research
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Q1) Of the following, which best illustrates an example of a mixed methods study that addresses homework practices and student achievement?
A) Barb conducts interviews with students and parents and examines student standardized test scores.
B) Akasha collects PSAT scores, class grades, and end of year standardized test scores
C) Lee conducts observations of activities during a homework club and interviews parents, teachers, and students.
D) Kareem uses SES data collected from the school, including parents' education level, family income, and neighborhood and student test scores.
Q2) The most best way to differentiate between a basic and advanced design is
A) the addition of another phase.
B) the number of qualitative methods
C) the use of an overarching framework.
D) the weight given to phases of data collection.
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Chapter 16: Action Research
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Q1) According to your text one of the reasons that teachers might avoid conducting action research involving multiple schools is the
A) organizational complexity of schools.
B) politics of working with other districts.
C) concerns of parents in different communities.
D) limited experiences of teachers conducting research.
Q2) Nina is engaged in the action research process for a study that considers the role of oral reading during instruction. She is considering the educational values that she holds. In which phase of the action research process is Nina currently engaged?
A) Identifying an area of focus
B) Data collection
C) Data analysis and interpretation
D) Action planning
Q3) Educational action research is generally conducted by
A) school board members.
B) superintendents.
C) policy analysts.
D) teachers.
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Chapter 17: Descriptive Statistics
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Q1) Given the following test scores, what can be said regarding their distribution? 92, 92, 73, 68, 80, 82, 91, 86, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97.
A) It resembles a normal distribution
B) It is negatively skewed.
C) it is positively skewed.
D) It is unimodal.
Q2) David received a raw score of 56. Given a mean of 50, a median of 50, a standard deviation of 4. Given David's information above, what is his T score?
A) 35
B) 55
C) 65
D) 75
Q3) A standard score is a measure of A) variability.
B) central tendency.
C) relative position.
D) correlation.
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Chapter 18: Inferential Statistics
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Q1) Rose is sure that any significant differences in her reading intervention study will favor those children who were in her treatment condition. She therefore will not consider rejecting the null hypothesis that the groups are different in favor of her control condition. Rose will then
A) use a non-parametric test of significance.
B) apply a two-tailed test of significance.
C) apply a one-tailed test of significance.
D) use descriptive findings only to examine her data.
Q2) Saud examined differences in reading ability between those who were exposed to parent read aloud and those who were exposed to sibling read aloud. To calculate his t test to compare groups, Saud needed to determine his degrees of freedom. To do so he will need to know not only that he has two groups but also he will need to know which of the following pieces of information?
A) The number of children in the study.
B) The number of parents in the study.
C) The mean group performance.
D) The mean number of treatment sessions.
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Chapter 19: Qualitative Data Collection
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Q1) Of the following, the best way qualitative researchers can increase confirmability is to
A) triangulate data sources.
B) use covert observation.
C) use observations instead of interviews.
D) decrease the amount of time spent in the field.
Q2) Susan is conducting interviews with successful technology entrepreneurs. She needs to pilot her interview protocol. Of the following, who would constitute the most appropriate pilot group?
A) Other technology entrepreneurs
B) Entrepreneurs in other fields
C) Those who invest in technology entrepreneurs
D) Employees of technology entrepreneurs
Q3) Which of the following data collection techniques is most appropriate in order to address a practicing nurse's experiences while in a continuing education session?
A) Observation
B) Document analysis
C) Interview
D) Survey
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Chapter 20: Qualitative Data Analysis and Interpretation
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Q1) Regarding data analysis conducted via computer, your text suggests that
A) computer analysis is more valid than doing the analysis by hand.
B) computer software should be used only to code your data.
C) computer software can be used to assist with data analysis.
D) computer analysis is more reliable than doing the analysis by hand.
Q2) Won has pages of transcribed interviews for her thesis on first generation college students' feelings of stress and anxiety. Of the following, which is something she should do to help her to manage these data?
A) Separate her data and read one person's data at a time.
B) Get an initial sense and read through all of her data.
C) Start to read her data only after identifying codes.
D) Establish a matrix to place student comments in before she reads.
Q3) Laqueta is studying the cultural of Catholic schools in urban areas in the Midwest United States. As part of her qualitative study she exams the goals and objectives of the schools. Which data analysis strategy of those below is Laqueta best illustrating?
A) Organizational review
B) Asking key questions
C) Identifying themes
D) Display what's missing
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Chapter 21: Preparing a Research Report
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Q1) Ankur is writing his report on his recent research that examined the relationship between Lego use and problem-solving ability. He needs to be very clear about the type of follow-up procedure he did to address differences found between groups on his inferential statistics test. Ankur will report the follow-up procedure in which section of his report?
A) Introduction
B) Methodology
C) Results
D) Discussion
Q2) When considering qualitative and quantitative research reports one similarity is that both
A) avoid the use of pronouns.
B) require accuracy in reporting.
C) use the voice of the participant.
D) contain the same structure for reporting.
Q3) In APA style guidelines, secondary sources in the reference section should
A) include author name only.
B) include author name and year.
C) include author name, year, and title.
D) not be included at all.
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Chapter 22: Evaluating a Research Report
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Q1) Of the following, which question is relevant when critiquing a narrative study?
A) Are the characteristics that differentiate the groups clearly defined or described?
B) Are sources of invalidity associated with the design identified and discussed?
C) Are generalizations consistent with the results?
D) Is there a rationale for the choice of individual to study the chose phenomenon?
Q2) The section where the application of the qualitative method chosen is described in the report is the
A) introduction.
B) design and procedure.
C) conclusion and implications.
D) results.
Q3) Which is NOT a concern for inclusion in an abstract?
A) Are the procedures described?
B) Is the problem restated?
C) Is the design used identified?
D) Are they hypothesis clearly stated?
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