Research Methods in Criminology and Criminal Justice
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Course Introduction
This course offers an in-depth exploration of research methodologies used in criminology and criminal justice. Students will learn about the foundational principles of scientific inquiry, ethical considerations in research, and both qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques. Emphasis is placed on formulating research questions, designing studies, sampling methods, measurement techniques, and analyzing data using statistical and interpretive approaches. The course also guides students in critically evaluating empirical research and applying findings to real-world issues within the criminal justice system, equipping them with skills essential for academic research and evidence-based policy analysis.
Recommended Textbook
Essential Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods 1st Edition by Peter B. Kraska
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12 Chapters
395 Verified Questions
395 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Criminal Justice and Criminology Research:
Mapping the Terrain
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32 Verified Questions
32 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) _____________ addresses a specific concern or to offer solutions to a problem.
A)applied research
B)evidence-based practice
C)mixed methods research
D)exploratory research
Answer: A
Q2) _______________ investigates new crime and justice territory such as new research methods,or the feasibility of undertaking a more in-depth study.
A)applied research
B)evidence-based practice
C)mixed methods research
D)exploratory research
Answer: D
Q3) Criminology/criminal justice has a no real literature on the history of crime and the various components of the criminal justice system.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 2: The Nature of Science and Research
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33 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________________ means you accept something as being true because it's the way things have always been.
A)Personal experience knowledge
B)common sense knowledge
C)Tradition knowledge
D)authority knowledge
Answer: C
Q2) _______________ refers to observations that people experience through the senses-touch,sight,hearing,smell,and taste.
A)data
B)empirical evidence
C)theory
D)hypothesis
Answer: B
Q3) Political funding in criminology/criminal justice does jot have a significant impact on its research agenda.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Philosophical and Theoretical Foundations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Critical Social Science defines social science as a critical process of inquiry that generates liberating knowledge so as to reveal structural and cultural inhibiting forces in an attempt to help people change their living conditions and build a better world for themselves.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Although most positivists believe in absolute determinism,PSS downplays an individual's objective or external reasons and any sense of social influence or pressure.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) A proposition,then,is an empirically testable version of a proposition.It is a tentative statement about a relationship between variables
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Ethics and Reviewing the Literature
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dissertation are peer-reviewed books,usually published by academic presses,that present comprehensive research studies,or a series of studies.
A)True
B)False
Q2) _____________ is the ethical principle of requires that a scientist never force anyone to participate in research and do not lie unless it is required for legitimate research reasons.
A)utilitarianism
B)involuntary consent
C)voluntary consent
D)informed consent
Q3) The existing literature can help us to better understand the object of study.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The __________________ is based on three moral principles.
A)IRB
B)feminist/critical model of research ethics
C)codes of ethics
D)RIH
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Chapter 5: Quantitative and Qualitative Research Design
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30 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) We can think of hypotheses as guesses about how the social world works;they are stated in a value-neutral form.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A researcher who has data on how individuals behave but makes statements about the dynamics of macrolevel units is committing the error of reductionism.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A ___________________ is an apparent causal relationship that is illusionary due to the effect of an unseen or initially hidden causal factor.If the unseen factor has a causal impact on both an independent and dependent variable,it produces the false impression that there is a relationship between them.
A)decoupage
B)bricolage
C)spurious relationship
D)interpretation
Q4) What are the differences between quantitative and qualitative research?
Q5) What are the best ways to select topic for research?
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Chapter 6: Quantitative and Qualitative Measurement and Sampling
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32 Verified Questions
32 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) _________________indicates only that there is a difference among categories with no ranking of those categories implied.
A)Ordinal-level measurement
B)Ratio-level measurement
C)Nominal-level measurement
D)Interval-level measurement
Q2) _________________ is the highest,most precise level of measurement;variable attributes can be rank ordered,the distance between them precisely measured,and there is an absolute zero.
A)Ordinal-level measurement
B)Ratio-level measurement
C)Nominallevel measurement
D)Interval-level measurement
Q3) Indexes attempt to capture the intensity,direction,or potency of a variable construct (e.g. ,measuring feelings toward something using "very likely," "likely," "not sure," "unlikely," "very unlikely").
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain the different types of probability sampling.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Criminal Justice Research
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35 Verified Questions
35 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Placebo effect is a reactivity effect named after a famous case in which subjects responded to the fact that they were in an experiment more than to the treatment.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The group that does not get the treatment in experimental research is called the _______________.
A)control group
B)treatment
C)random assignment
D)causal inference
Q3) To make a _______________ from an experiment,we must meet the same requirements that are needed for any causal relationship: (1)cause must precede effect, (2)there must be an association between cause and effect;and (3)the researcher must eliminate plausible alternatives.
A)control group
B)treatment
C)random assignment
D)causal inference
Q4) List and describe the major threats to internal validity.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Survey and Interview Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________________ is a model of standardized survey research in which there are no communication problems and respondents' responses perfectly match their thoughts.
A)Knowledge.
B)Naïve assumption model
C)Self-classification.
D)Policies.
Q2) In general,you should sequence questions to minimize the discomfort and confusion of respondents.
A)True
B)False
Q3) ___________ is a problem in survey research question writing that occurs when a highly respected group or individual is associated with an answer choice.
A)order effects
B)prestige bias
C)probe
D)cover letter
Q4) What should you avoid when writing survey questions?
Q5) Explain the naïve assumption model of survey interviews.
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Chapter 9: Nonreactive Research: Content Analysis and Existing Documentsstatistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________________ is another name for nonreactive measures that emphasizes how the people being studied are not aware of it because the measures do not intrude.
A)text
B)content analysis
C)Content analysis
D)unobtrusive observation
Q2) Nonreactive research is the second most common research method used in crime and justice studies.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Unobtrusive measures involve collecting what are known as nonreactive data.
A)True
B)False
Q4) ___________ are the physical remains of human activity.
A)archival material
B)nonreactive data
C)unobtrusive measures
D)physical traces
11
Q5) Explain the four characteristics of content identified in coding systems.
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Chapter 10: Crime and Justice Ethnographic Field Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Notes a qualitative researcher takes while developing more abstract ideas,themes,or hypotheses from an examination of details in the data are known as:
A)argot
B)jotted notes
C)analytic memos
D)direct observation notes
Q2) Knowledge that people rarely acknowledge and may not be explicitly aware of.
A)specific knowledge
B)tacit knowledge
C)thick description
D)explicit knowledge
Q3) Demonstrating the authenticity and trustworthiness of a study by showing that the researcher's descriptions of the field site match those of the members and that the Field researcher's presence was not a disturbance is referred to as:
A)Ecological validity
B)Guilty Knowledge
C)Member validation
D)Natural history
Q4) What are the characteristics of an ideal field informant?
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Chapter 11: Historical, Qualitative, Document Analysis, Academic Legal, and Mixed Methods Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) The search for legal authority conducted by legal professionals designed to convince the courts of a particular legal position is referred to as __________________.
A)Quantitative research
B)Academic legal research
C)Technical legal research
D)Qualitative document analysis
Q2) Quantitative analysis is a broad category of research that analyzes interpretively the meaning and significance of textual and visual data.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Information about events or settings are documented or written later by historians or others who did not directly participate in the events or settings is reffered to as.
A)primary sources
B)secondary sources
C)statistical sources
D)fiduciary sources
Q4) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using mixed methods?
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Chapter 12: Analysis of Quantitative and Qualitative Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) _____________ statistics describe one variable.
A)descriptive
B)statistics
C)univariate
D)multivariate
Q2) A _______________ expresses scores on a frequency distribution in terms of a number of standard deviations from the mean.
A)Percentiles
B)Z-score
C)Standard deviation
D)Range
Q3) The median is the middle point.It is also the 50th percentile,or the point at which half the cases are above it and half below it.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A curvilinear relationship means that a straight line can be visualized in the middle of a maze of cases running from one corner to another.
A)True
B)False
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