Research Methods in Criminal Justice Final Exam
Course Introduction
Research Methods in Criminal Justice introduces students to the fundamental principles and techniques of scientific inquiry within the field of criminal justice. The course covers a range of research methodologies, including qualitative and quantitative approaches, survey design, sampling methods, data collection, and statistical analysis. Emphasis is placed on the ethical considerations and practical challenges unique to studying crime and the criminal justice system. Students will develop the expertise to critically evaluate existing research, design their own studies, and interpret findings, preparing them to contribute thoughtfully to policy development, program evaluation, and evidence-based practice in criminal justice settings.
Recommended Textbook
Essential Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods 1st Edition by Peter B. Kraska
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12 Chapters
395 Verified Questions
395 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Criminal Justice and Criminology Research:
Mapping the Terrain
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32 Verified Questions
32 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) _______________ is knowledge not pursued for any instrumental purpose,but merely for the sake of making ethical,intellectual,and theoretical sense of our world.
A)disinterested knowledge
B)knowledge-power dynamic
C)critical thinking
D)crime and justice phenomena
Answer: A
Q2) _______________ investigates new crime and justice territory such as new research methods,or the feasibility of undertaking a more in-depth study.
A)applied research
B)evidence-based practice
C)mixed methods research
D)exploratory research
Answer: D
Q3) Qualitative research as using numerically based data,
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 2: The Nature of Science and Research
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33 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When we accept something as being true just because someone in a position of authority says it is true,we are using _________________ as a basis of knowing.
A)Personal experience knowledge
B)common sense knowledge
C)Tradition knowledge
D)authority knowledge
Answer: D
Q2) Academic freedom is the existence of an open and largely unrestricted atmosphere for the free exchange of ideas and information.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The media knowledge does not uncritically feed off the information provided to them by government agencies and politicians,and vice versa.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Philosophical and Theoretical Foundations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Critical Social Science defines social science as a critical process of inquiry that generates liberating knowledge so as to reveal structural and cultural inhibiting forces in an attempt to help people change their living conditions and build a better world for themselves.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) We can think of the social world as comprising many units of analysis,such as individual people,groups,organizations,movements,institutions,countries,and the world.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Deductive theorizing begins with specific observations of empirical evidence.On the basis of its observations and evidence,it constructs a more abstract set of ideas and concepts that explain the object of research.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Ethics and Reviewing the Literature
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Sample Questions
Q1) _____________ occurs when a researcher fakes or invents data that were not really collected,or falsely reports how research was conducted.
A)scientific misconduct
B)research fraud
C)plagiarism
D)research atrocities
Q2) Which of the following is not a moral principle of the feminist/critical model of research ethics?
A)ethical research is multivocal.
B)ethical research requires engaging in a dialogue within the communities of the people they wish to study.
C)ethical research requires the fair economic compensation of participants.
D)research processes must involve researchers and participants on open,equal terms will equalize power relations,generating a grass-roots criticism that can facilitate greater reflection and mutual political and moral awareness.
Q3) What are the objectives of conducting a literature review?
Q4) What are the general principles of ethical research?
Q5) What are the essential elements of informed consent?
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Chapter 5: Quantitative and Qualitative Research Design
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30 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A ____________ is an interpretation where the researcher links the second order interpretation to general theories and larger social/cultural/historical contexts.
A)first-order interpretation
B)second-order interpretation
C)third-order interpretation
D)fourth-order interpretation
Q2) The values or the categories of a variable are its ________________(e.g. ,male/female,murder/assault).It is easy to confuse variables with attributes.
A)intervening variable
B)independent variable
C)dependent variable.
D)attributes
Q3) Designing a research study that examines its objects of study from several different angles is termed _________________.
A)causal hypothesis
B)variable
C)triangulation
D)soft data
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Chapter 6: Quantitative and Qualitative Measurement and Sampling
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Q1) _______________ addresses the question,Does the measure actually measure accurately the object of study? This is the most basic form of measurement validity because it requires conceptual definitions that have clearly specified boundaries.
A)Discriminant validity
B)Convergent validity
C)Construct validity
D)Criterion validity
Q2) _________________ is a level of measurement that identifies differences among variable attributes,ranks categories,and measures distance between categories,but there is no true zero.
A)Ordinal-level measurement
B)Ratio-level measurement
C)Nominal-level measurement
D)Interval-level measurement
Q3) Sampling ratio is a sample in which the sampling elements are selected using something other than a mathematically random process.
A)True
B)False
Q4) List and describe the types of measurement reliability and validity.
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Chapter 7: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Criminal
Justice Research
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35 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) ______________ is a threat to internal validity that occurs when the very process of measuring in the pretest can have an impact on the dependent variable.
A)testing effect
B)instrumentation
C)history effects
D)maturation effect
Q2) _________________ has one group,a pretest,a treatment,and a posttest.It lacks a control group and random assignment.
A)quasi-experimental designs
B)one-group pretest-posttest design
C)one-shot case-study design
D)classical experimental design
Q3) 29,Research participants might react differently in an experiment from the way they would in real life because they know they are in a study;this is called external validity.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are the principles for accessing the feasibility of crime and justice experiments?
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Chapter 8: Survey and Interview Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) Good survey questions yield valid and reliable measures of their constructs,and help respondents feel that they understand the question and that their answers are meaningful.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What should you avoid when writing survey questions?
Q3) An effect in survey research in which a topic or some questions asked before others influence respondents' answers to later questions is known as_________________.
A)order effects
B)prestige bias
C)probe
D)cover letter
Q4) Survey research telephone interviewing in which the interviewer sits before a computer screen and keyboard,reads from the screen questions,and enters answers directly into the computer.
A)survey research interviewing
B)computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI)
C)self-report surveys
D)correlational survey research
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Chapter 9: Nonreactive Research: Content Analysis and Existing Documentsstatistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Careful measurement is crucial in content analysis because a researcher takes diffuse and murky symbolic communication and turns it into precise,quantitative data.
A)True
B)False
Q2) ______________ is a technique that checks to see whether the coding is stable or changing.
A)Intercoder reliability
B)stability reliability
C)manifest coding
D)fallacy of misplaced concreteness
Q3) Existing documents and data sets are trouble free because a government agency or other source gathered the original data.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A clear weakness of using existing documents/data is their scarce availability for many crime and justice research topics.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Crime and Justice Ethnographic Field Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) ____________ occurs when a researcher takes field results back to members,who judge their adequacy.A study is member valid if members recognize and understand the researcher's description as reflecting their intimate social world.
A)Ecological validity
B)Guilty Knowledge
C)Member validation
D)Natural history
Q2) Field research is based on ____________,which is a notion derived from the biological sciences used to study oceans,animals,plants,forests,and so forth.
A)reflexivity
B)naturalism
C)field site
D)ethnographic field research
Q3) What are the characteristics of an ideal field informant?
Q4) Knowledge that people rarely acknowledge and may not be explicitly aware of.
A)specific knowledge
B)tacit knowledge
C)thick description
D)explicit knowledge
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Chapter 11: Historical, Qualitative, Document Analysis, Academic Legal,
and Mixed Methods
Research
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Q1) Which of the following is not a step in historical research?
A)Conceptualizing the Object of Inquiry
B)Locating Evidence
C)Evaluating Quality of Evidence
D)Revision of data
Q2) Once the document passes as being authentic ________________ is used as an examination of the document's contents to establish credibility
A)internal criticism
B)bowdlerization
C)external criticism
D)dialogical criticism
Q3) How do is mixed method research conducted?
Q4) The idea that the law is established initially through statute passed by legislatures and ultimately through judicial rulings made in individual cases s referred to as:
A)Legal authority
B)Stare decisis
C)Primary authority
D)Secondary authority
Q5) What are the similarities between historical and ethnographic research?
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Chapter 12: Analysis of Quantitative and Qualitative Data
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Q1) The _______________ is a method of data entry where the researcher manually types in the data.
A)code scan entry
B)code sheet
C)direct entry method
D)optical scan sheet
Q2) A column or set of columns assigned to a variable is called a data field or just a field.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Data ___________ means systematically reorganizing raw data into a format that is machine readable (i.e. ,easy to analyze using computers).
A)precoding
B)codebook
C)coding procedure
D)coding
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