Research Methods in Cognitive Psychology
Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
This course provides an in-depth exploration of the research methodologies commonly used in cognitive psychology. Students will learn about experimental design, data collection techniques, statistical analysis, and ethical considerations specific to the study of cognitive processes such as perception, memory, language, and problem-solving. The course emphasizes critical evaluation of existing research, hands-on experience in designing and conducting cognitive psychology experiments, and the development of skills necessary to interpret and communicate empirical findings effectively.
Recommended Textbook
Congitive Psychology 3rd Edition by E. Bruce Goldstein
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Cognitive Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The founder of the first laboratory of scientific psychology was
A) Franciscus Donders.
B) Hermann von Helmholtz.
C) Wilhelm Wundt.
D) Hermann Ebbinghaus.
Answer: C
Q2) Broadbent's notion that the mind could be represented as operating in a sequence of stages, often represented by boxes, allows cognitive psychologists to develop that can be tested by further experiments.
A) models
B) approaches
C) memories
D) cognitive maps
Answer: A
Q3) A mental conception of the layout of a physical space is known as a(n)
A) cognitive map.
B) mental model.
C) artificial intelligence.
D) memory consolidation.
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience
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Q1) The fusiform face area (FFA)in the brain is often damaged in patients with A) Broca's aphasia.
B) Wernicke's aphasia.
C) prosopagnosia.
D) Alzheimer's disease.
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function?
A) Specific areas of the brain serve different functions.
B) Neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli.
C) Brain areas are specialized for specific functions.
D) All of these
Answer: D
Q3) You are walking down the street and see a really nice car drive by.You notice many features of it: its color, movement, shape, location, and so forth.All of these features are processed
A) in one localized area of the brain.
B) by the grandmother cells in the brain.
C) in different parts of the brain.
D) through fMRI potentials.
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) The experimental technique that involves removing part of the brain is known as A) brain ablation.
B) dissociation.
C) fMRI.
D) EEG.
Answer: A
Q2) Things that form patterns that are meaningful are likely to be grouped together according to the law of A) simplicity.
B) similarity.
C) pragnanz.
D) familiarity.
Answer: D
Q3) In which neurological disorder might mirror neurons be most likely to be implicated as a potential cause of the disorder?
A) Alzheimer's disease
B) Parkinson's disease
C) Autism
D) Anorexia nervosa
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Attention
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Sample Questions
Q1) Define automatic processing.Describe the research by Shiffrin and Schneider, which showed how practice can affect our ability to do multiple tasks simultaneously.In your description, clearly distinguish between consistent and varied mapping, both in terms of procedure and results.
Q2) When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of ____ attention.
A) low load
B) divided
C) cocktail party
D) selective
Q3) In support of late selection models, Donald MacKay showed that the presentation of a biasing word on the unattended ear influenced participants' processing of ____ when they were ____ of that word.
A) letter pairs; aware
B) letter pairs; unaware
C) ambiguous sentences; aware
D) ambiguous sentences; unaware
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Chapter 5: Short-Term and Working Memory
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Q1) The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddley's model of memory?
A) The phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad
B) The central executive and long-term memory
C) The central executive and the phonological loop
D) The phonological loop and long-term memory
Q2) Suppose you (a student)are asked by a teacher to learn a poem you will recite in front of your class.Soon after, both you and a classmate, J.P., are asked by another teacher to learn the lyrics to an unfamiliar song.When you and J.P.are later asked to remember the song lyrics, you have a much more difficult time recalling them than J.P.does.This impairment of your performance is most likely attributable to
A) proactive interference.
B) your overloading the phonological loop.
C) a release from proactive interference.
D) a recency effect.
Q3) Define working memory.Explain the functions of each of the three components of working memory and provide experimental evidence for the phonological loop, making sure you describe 1)the phonological similarity effect, 2)the word-length effect, and 3)articulatory suppression.
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Chapter 6: Long-Term Memory--Structure
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Q1) This multiple choice question is an example of a ____ test.
A) recall
B) recognition
C) word-completion
D) personal semantic memory
Q2) "I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of _____ memory.
A) episodic
B) implicit
C) semantic
D) procedural
Q3) Define the propaganda effect. Explain the effect in terms of non-declarative memory as well as in terms of priming. Give two potential "real-world" examples of this effect.
Q4) Define implicit memory. Provide experimental evidence to show how this kind of memory operates.In your discussion, provide two examples of implicit memory.
Q5) Explain how research on brain-damaged individuals informs our understanding of priming in implicit memory.
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Chapter 7: Long-Term Memory--Encoding and Retrieval
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Q1) Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns?
A) "apple, desk, shoe, coat, lamp, pants"
B) "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants"
C) "apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp, chair, pants"
D) "apple, chair, cherry, coat, desk, lamp, plum, shoe, sofa"
Q2) Shallow processing of a word is encouraged when attention is focused on
A) the number of vowels in a word.
B) the meaning of a word.
C) the pleasantness of a word.
D) the category of a word.
Q3) Mantyla's "banana / yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that, for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created
A) by agreement among many people, thus providing proof they are effective.
B) by a memory expert who understands what makes cues effective.
C) using visual images.
D) by the person whose memory will be tested.
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Chapter 8: Everyday Memory and Memory Errors
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Q1) For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for
A) childhood and adolescence.
B) adolescence and early adulthood.
C) early adulthood and middle age.
D) childhood and middle age.
Q2) The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that
A) life in a society gets more complicated and difficult as generations pass.
B) memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities. C) people tend to remember more of the positive events in their lives than negative ones.
D) our memories change as we live longer and have more "lifetime periods" to draw events from.
Q3) The misinformation effect does not occur when people are told explicitly that the postevent information may be incorrect.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Knowledge
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Q1) Research on the physiology of semantic memory has shown that the representation of different categories in the brain (like living and non-living things)is best described as being
A) specific.
B) subordinate.
C) graded.
D) distributed.
Q2) _______ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past.
A) Icons
B) Prototypes
C) Units
D) Exemplars
Q3) Which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds?
A) Exemplar
B) Prototype
C) Definitional
D) Network
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Chapter 10: Visual Imagery
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Q1) Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment)as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ____ representations.
A) epiphenomenal
B) propositional
C) spatial
D) unilateral
Q2) Ben has had problems with the pipes in his apartment.First, he had a clog in his bathroom sink, and then two months later, his garbage disposal in the kitchen sink clogged.Ben's superintendant told him he was not adequately flushing the debris from his pipes.She suggested that he run the water a little longer and visualize the debris (be it carrot peelings or toothpaste)traveling through the pipes all the way out to the sewer connection in the street.Using this technique, Ben has had no more clogs.The superintendant's suggestion involved
A) image synthesis.
B) mental scanning.
C) method of loci.
D) propositional representations.
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Chapter 11: Language
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Q1) Coherence refers to the
A) mental process by which readers create information during reading that is not explicitly stated in the text.
B) principle that we process information in isolation before we link it to its context.
C) mental process whereby ambiguity is resolved online during sentence reading.
D) representation of the text in a reader's mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.
Q2) Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results support
A) the syntax-first approach to parsing.
B) the interactionist approach to parsing.
C) the garden-path model to parsing.
D) both syntax-first and interactionist approaches to parsing.
Q3) Define inference as it applies to text processing.Write a sample narrative paragraph that includes examples of anaphoric inference, instrument inference, and causal inference.Identify and describe each occurrence.
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Chapter 12: Problem Solving
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Q1) In its discussion of expertise and problem solving, your text identifies the kind of scientists who are most likely to make revolutionary discoveries in their fields.This particular discussion suggests that _____ may be more important than _____ in creative thinking.
A) experience; structure
B) structure; experience
C) flexibility; experience
D) experience; flexibility
Q2) Describe the Gestalt approach to problem solving and provide an example.
Q3) Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving A) restructuring.
B) multiple goal states.
C) sensory operators.
D) continuity and form.
Q4) Insight refers to
A) prior learning facilitating problem solving.
B) prior learning hindering problem solving.
C) the tendency to respond in a certain manner, based on past experience.
D) the sudden realization of a problem's solution.
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Chapter 13: Reasoning and Decision Making
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Q1) Glinda is sure that if her boyfriend proposes, she will feel elation.This is an example of an
A) expected emotion.
B) immediate emotion.
C) integral immediate emotion.
D) incidental immediate emotion.
Q2) Donovan volunteers his time to campaign for Joel Goodman.He spent all afternoon putting up "Goodman for Congress" signs around his town and arrived back at Goodman headquarters just in time to watch the Goodman-Hernandez debate on TV.Donovan was eager to watch the candidates debate each other, even though he was 100% sure he was going to vote for Goodman.Donovan's first response to the debate will most likely be
A) "I noticed that Goodman and Hernandez agreed on the new environmental policy."
B) "Did you hear how well Goodman answered that question on job creation?"
C) "I wonder why Goodman was so vague on the school tax issue when I know he has a clear idea about that."
D) "Hernandez is really going to make this a tight race."
Q3) Define the utility approach to decisions.Explain how emotions affect decisions from this perspective.
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