Research Methods in Clinical Psychology
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
This course provides an in-depth exploration of the research methodologies commonly used in clinical psychology. Students will learn to critically evaluate scientific literature, formulate research questions, and design studies employing both quantitative and qualitative methods. The curriculum covers topics such as experimental design, ethical considerations, data collection strategies, reliability and validity of measurement tools, and statistical analysis. Emphasis will be placed on applying methodological principles to real-world clinical issues, preparing students to contribute to evidence-based practice and further research in the field of clinical psychology.
Recommended Textbook
Introduction to Clinical Psychology 4th Edition by John Hunsley
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15 Chapters
868 Verified Questions
868 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Evolution of Clinical Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why was the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)developed?
Answer: Suggested answer:
a)Developed by Starke Hathaway in 1943
b)The goal was the provide an easily administered test that could effectively screen for psychological disturbances among adults
Q2) Most psychologists agree that assessment data should be obtained
A) from multiple methods and informants.
B) mainly from the client.
C) mainly from expert assessment.
D) mainly from psychological testing.
Answer: A
Q3) Worldwide,the number of medical students specializing in psychiatry has:
A) decreased and is insufficient to meet the demand for psychiatrists.
B) decreased over the decades but sufficiently meets the demand for psychiatrists.
C) increased dramatically in Canada but not in the United States.
D) increased decades but sufficiently meets the demand for psychiatrists.
Answer: A
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3
Chapter 2: Contemporary Clinical Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) What was the accreditation process designed to accomplish?
Answer: Suggested answer:
a.To ensure that training programs in clinical psychology maintained standards that met the profession's expectations regarding the education of clinical psychologists.
Q2) The Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists is intended to provide guidance for psychologists
A) engaged in the delivery of psychological services.
B) engaged in research and teaching.
C) who are licensed.
D) in all their professional activities.
Answer: D
Q3) List the four ethical principles that are listed in the Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists.
Answer: Suggested answer:
a.Respect for the dignity of persons.
b.Responsible caring.
c.Integrity in relationships.
d.Responsibility to society
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4
Chapter 3: Classification and Diagnosis
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Sample Questions
Q1) List two ways a diagnostic system may be disadvantageous to the individual receiving the diagnosis:
Answer: Suggested answer:
a.Potential stigmatization of the person receiving the diagnosis
b.Potential for an inaccurate diagnosis to result in harmful or inappropriate treatment.
Q2) The DSM-5 and the ICD-10-CM are:
A) fundamentally different ways of looking at mental disorder.
B) a US versus a global approach to diagnosis.
C) compatible for most major mental disorders.
D) both available in English only.
Answer: C
Q3) Wakefield (1992)described ____________ as the behaviours associated with a mental disorder that are problematic,and that these problematic behaviours are damaging to the individual or to those around him or her.
A) harmful behaviour.
B) harmful dysfunction.
C) dysfunctional behaviour.
D) dysfunctional control.
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Research Methods in Clinical Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a common threat to the external validity of a study?
A) Selection biases.
B) Attrition rates.
C) Sample characteristics.
D) Repeated testing.
Q2) Relying on common sense as a guide to appropriate decision-making can be problematic because
A) Information processing and decision-making can be illogical
B) rational decision making is based on observation.
C) rigidity in thought patterns can lead to faulty reasoning.
D) flexibility in thought patterns can lead to faulty reasoning.
Q3) The consistency of scores on a measure across different raters or observers is known as
A) internal consistency.
B) test-retest reliability.
C) inter-rater reliability.
D) face validity.
Q4) Describe the three kinds of reliability described in the text.
Q5) What is a randomized controlled trial?
Q6) What is meta-analysis,and name one advantage of this procedure.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Assessment: Overview
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Sample Questions
Q1) A useful treatment plan must cover the general areas of
A) problem identification and treatment evaluation.
B) problem identification, treatment goals, and treatment strategies/tactics.
C) treatment goals, treatment evaluation, and treatment strategies/tactics.
D) treatment goals, treatment strategies/tactics, and treatment evaluation.
Q2) To be sure that a test is yielding valid data it must meet which of the following criteria?
A) It must have norms.
B) It must measure all aspects of the underlying construct it purports to measure.
C) It must be related with scores of other tests of similar constructs.
D) Both B and C.
Q3) Treatment planning:
A) allows the client to pre-pay services.
B) uses assessment data and relevant scientific evidence to make predictions about the future course of a patient's psychological functioning.
C) requires the psychologist to determine the extent to which there are efficacious treatments to address the client's problems.
D) is the process by which agencies decide which services to fund.
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7
Chapter 6: Assessment: Interviewing and Observation
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Dominic Interactive is a diagnostic interview for children aged 6 to11 years,which uses ____________ as cues.
A) cartoon drawings
B) colours
C) animals
D) puppets
Q2) The association between self-report measures and self-monitoring assessments has been shown to be
A) nonsignificant.
B) very weak.
C) moderate.
D) very strong.
Q3) Research on the use of dolls in interviews has found that they
A) help pre-school age children provide more accurate accounts.
B) increase both detail and number of errors in children's statements.
C) secure more convictions of sexual predators.
D) decrease both detail and number of errors in children's statements.
Q4) Provide the main distinction between open and closed questions,as well as one disadvantage of each.
Q5) List two potential considerations when interviewing children and/or adolescents.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Assessment: Intellectual and Cognitive Measures
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Sample Questions
Q1) To meet criteria for a diagnosis of intellectual disability the individual must have an IQ in the lowest
A) 2% of the population, and show functional impairments.
B) 2% of the population, with or without functional impairments.
C) 10% of the population, and show functional impairments.
D) 10% of the population, with or without functional impairments.
Q2) Information processing models focus on how people
A) interact with each other.
B) perform during testing.
C) solve problems.
D) both A and C.
Q3) Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences proposed that
A) there is a single form of intelligence.
B) different types of intelligence are inadequately assessed by traditional tests.
C) it is crucial for assessment of intelligence to be culturally biased.
D) learners have poorly developed auditor skills and therefore don't like reading or playing word games.
Q4) What is the key difference between fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence?
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Assessment: Self-Report and Projective Measures
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research indicates that when examiners use Exner's Comprehensive System (CS)for administering and scoring the Rorschach test that
A) administration errors are still easy to make, and can impact examinees' responses.
B) administration errors much less common when using this system for administering and scoring the test.
C) the norms for the test underestimate rates of pathology within the nonpatient population.
D) the Rorschach is an appropriate tool to use with children and adolescents, yielding valid results.
Q2) The tendency to exaggerate or overestimate the extent of pathology is known as ______________ the patient.
A) improperly coding
B) overpathologizing
C) overmedicalizing
D) overgeneralizing
Q3) In considering the cultural appropriateness of personality measures,discuss two ways that personality measures may be biased or unfair.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Assessment Integration and Clinical Decision-Making
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Sample Questions
Q1) In their meta-analysis of 36 studies,Miller,Spengler,and Spengler (2015)found a small,but statistically significant link between ________________and accuracy of decisions about mental health.
A)clinician confidence
B)patient preconceptions.
C)patient behavior.
D)heuristics.
Q2) The advantage(s)of the written report following an assessment is that it
A)provides integrated information to the agency,professional,or client that was the focus of the assessment.
B)serves as a record of the assessment that can be referred to subsequently,potentially as a document used for legal purposes.
C)provides a record of the client's functioning prior to an intervention,which is crucial in accurately determining the impact of any intervention.
D)all of the above.
Q3) What is a heuristic? How can a heuristic facilitate bias?
Q4) What are the steps that psychologists can follow in developing a case formulation?
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Chapter 10: Prevention
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Sample Questions
Q1) The characteristics of the individual or the environment that render a person more vulnerable to the development of a problem or a disorder are referred to as
A)predictive factors.
B)protective factors.
C)risk factors.
D)relapse factors.
Q2) The most effective interventions to prevent negative outcomes for highly disadvantaged preschool age children are
A)short-term and not intensive.
B)long-term and not intensive.
C)short-term and intensive.
D)long-term and intensive.
Q3) Universal preventive,selective preventive,and indicated preventive are three of the main types of:
A)clinical research programs
B)preventive programs
C)mental disorders
D)behavioural models.
Q4) List at least three of the features of successful prevention programs.
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Chapter 11: Intervention: Overview
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sullivan (1953)suggested that psychological problems were often related to A)difficulties in relationships.
B)unconscious impulses.
C)faulty thinking.
D)a lack of behavioural activation.
Q2) To make an informed decision about treatment,clients must be informed of all of the evidence-based treatment options,which may include:
A)medication options.
B)psychological interventions the psychologist can provide.
C)psychological interventions the psychologist does not have the training to provide,followed by a referral if needed.
D)all of the above
Q3) Cognitive approaches to therapy are based on the assumption that A)events directly impact individual functioning.
B)it is the perception of events that impacts individual functioning.
C)catharsis is necessary for restructuring thoughts.
D)negative thoughts arise beginning in early childhood.
Q4) List three questions that all clinical psychologists should be prepared to answer for potential clients about psychotherapy services.
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Chapter 12: Intervention: Adults and Couples
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Canadian Psychological Association task force on evidence-based psychological services recommended that psychologists give the strongest weight to:
A)syntheses of studies that balance internal and external validity.
B)expert consensus.
C)prior experience in treating a problem.
D)primary research that is high in internal and external validity.
Q2) Define the term clinical practice guidelines.
Q3) What made it difficult to compare research conducted by behavioural therapists and traditional therapists in the mid-1900s?
A)Each research group used different criteria for including studies in their review.
B)Different criteria were used to evaluate whether therapy worked.
C)Interpretation of results was influenced by each group's biases.
D)All of the above.
Q4) In the final stage of CBT the psychologist focuses on:
A)challenging long-standing beliefs.
B)challenging negative automatic thoughts.
C)adopting a more positive activity schedule.
D)relapse prevention.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Intervention: Children and Adolescents
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Sample Questions
Q1) Patterson (2005)found that adolescent-parent contempt is associated with ____________,which in turn is associated with ___________.
A)delinquency; inconsistent and disrupted parental monitoring.
B)inconsistent and disrupted parental monitoring; delinquency
C)inconsistent and disrupted parental monitoring; school attendance.
D)delinquency; school attendance.
Q2) Parenting strategies are designed to be used by parents
A)until undesirable child behaviours desist.
B)to help children develop.
C)intermittently,or on an "as needed" basis.
D)as a "quick fix" for child behaviour problems.
Q3) Research reviews in the 1950s and 1960s by Levitt concluded that there was ____________ evidence for the efficacy of child psychotherapy.
A)no
B)only some
C)a moderate amount of D)overwhelming
Q4) Define psychoeducation.
Q5) What are the NICE guidelines for treatment of depression in youth?
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Chapter 14: Intervention: Identifying Key Elements of Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe Jerome Frank's (1973,1982)model to explain all treatment effects.
Q2) Define "common factors" in psychotherapy:
Q3) Who is credited as being the first person to identify a common set of therapeutic factors that inform the effectiveness of all approaches to psychotherapy?
A)Saul Rosenzweig.
B)Lester Luborsky.
C)John Norcross.
D)Jerome Frank.
Q4) Group cohesion refers to
A)the relationship between the clients and the therapist.
B)the relationship among the clients in the group.
C)the extent of personality integration.
D)both A & B
Q5) What was Rosenzweig's (1936)assertion regarding the various types of therapies that were available to clinicians at the time?
A)Some therapies are very effective and others are not effective.
B)Most therapies are not effective.
C)Little is known about the effectiveness of therapy.
D)All therapies are equivalent in treatment outcome.
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Chapter 15: Health Psychology, Clinical Neuropsychology, and Forensic Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Pain is considered chronic when it persists for
A)less than 6 weeks.
B)6 - 12 weeks.
C)more than 3 months.
D)more than 6 months.
Q2) Neuropsychology is the study of ____________,whereas clinical neuropsychology is _____.
A)neurological injury or disease; the application of this knowledge to assess and remediate effects of neurological injury or disease
B)brain-behaviour relationships; the application of this knowledge to assess and remediate effects of neurological injury or disease
C)neurological injury or disease; the study of brain-behaviour relationships
D)brain-behaviour relationships; the study of neurological injury or disease
Q3) ____________ is a helpful strategy for managing acute pain in children.
A)Distraction
B)Denying the pain
C)Giving false reassurance
D)Focusing on the pain
Q4) What is the difference between acute pain and chronic pain?
Page 17
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