Research Methods for Healthcare Professionals Study Guide Questions
Course Introduction
This course offers an in-depth introduction to the fundamental principles and practices of research methodology tailored for healthcare professionals. Covering both qualitative and quantitative approaches, students will learn how to design, conduct, analyze, and critically evaluate research relevant to healthcare settings. Topics include formulating research questions, literature review, sampling techniques, data collection methods, ethical considerations, and the application of statistical tools. Through practical assignments and case studies, participants will develop essential skills to interpret published research, integrate evidence into practice, and contribute to the advancement of healthcare knowledge.
Recommended Textbook
Nursing Research in Canada 4th Edition by
Geri LoBiondo Wood
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Chapter 1: The Role of Research in Nursing
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Q1) How is using multiple measures to assess a clinical phenomenon useful to nursing research or practice?
A) When multiple measures are used, qualitative data and quantitative data are always obtained.
B) Using multiple measures reduces the number of participants needed in a sample size to reach statistical significance.
C) Comparison of various methods of measurement may reduce the need to use invasive methods in measuring physical parameters in future studies.
D) The results of studies using multiple measures to assess a clinical phenomenon are more likely to be published in journals other than nursing journals as well.
Answer: C
Q2) A key step to the development of nursing research was
A) the endowment of nursing research chairs.
B) universities offering baccalaureate nursing programs.
C) a baccalaureate degree becoming the entry to practice.
D) the Canadian Nurses Association developing a research mandate.
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework
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Q1) Which of the following research questions reflects an inductive approach to scientific inquiry?
A) Is there a difference in infection rates among patients with neutropenia who eat from dishes cleaned with automatic dishwashers as compared with patients with neutropenia who eat from dishes that are hand washed?
B) Do older adults residing in assisted-living settings have more social interaction than do older adults residing in their own homes?
C) What is the relationship between self-esteem and loneliness in recently widowed women over 60?
D) What is the experience of parents when their child is born more than 10 weeks preterm?
Answer: D
Q2) What is the purpose of a conceptual model?
A) To move concepts from a concrete frame of reference to a more abstract one
B) To move concepts from an abstract frame of reference to a more concrete one
C) To reduce the abstraction of an operational definition
D) To allow testing of grand theories
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Critical Reading Strategies: Overview of the
Research Process
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Q1) A researcher conducts a qualitative study that examines the lived experience of those being receive[d] a diagnosis of breast cancer.A reader critiquing the report would expect to find that the report:
A) presents the data in the form of narrative text.
B) provides a detailed statistical analysis of study results.
C) details independent and dependent variables.
D) describes how the data related to tumour growth was analyzed.
Answer: A
Q2) In which section of a research report or study would the study sampling be presented?
A) "Methods"
B) "Discussion"
C) "Conceptual Framework"
D) "Review of Literature"
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Developing Research Questions, Hypotheses, and
Clinical Questions
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Q1) Which of the following hypotheses is nondirectional?
A) A hospital with an infection control nurse will have fewer instances of sepsis among inpatients than will a hospital without an infection control nurse.
B) Greater weight loss will be seen among dieting patients who receive a weekly supportive telephone call from a dietitian than among dieting patients who do not receive a weekly supportive phone call.
C) A difference in the stage of prostate cancer will be seen among men who had an abnormal result from prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening compared with men who had an abnormal result from digital rectal examination (DRE) screening.
D) Children who receive weekly counselling for 1 year after the death of a parent will perform better in school than will children who do not receive weekly counselling after the death of a parent.
Q2) How is a hypothesis related to a theory?
A) A hypothesis can determine the validity of a theory.
B) A hypothesis can be used to evaluate the merit of a theory.
C) A theory can determine the validity of a hypothesis.
D) A theory can be used to evaluate the merit of a hypothesis.
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Chapter 5: Finding and Appraising the Literature
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Q1) Which of the following best describes a student's task of gathering information on a topic in preparing a paper for a class assignment?
A) Critiquing a study
B) Researching a topic
C) Conducting a study
D) Searching the literature
Q2) Which of the following is the most important question to ask when evaluating a journal article's literature review?
A) How was the review conducted?
B) Was every relevant article critiqued?
C) Does the literature review reveal existing knowledge?
D) Was there an appropriate number of secondary sources?
Q3) How are secondary sources valuable in literature review?
A) They provide material written by the person who conducted the study.
B) They provide a different way of looking at specific issues or problems.
C) They determine the relationship of two or more variables affecting an outcome.
D) They increase the body of nursing knowledge in a specific area of practice.
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Chapter 6: Legal and Ethical Issues
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Q1) A staff nurse overhears a health care professional use coercion to make a patient agree to participate in a research study.What should the staff nurse do?
A) Confront the researcher with concerns.
B) Document suspicions in the patient's medical record.
C) Contact the hospital's REB.
D) Secretly record the researcher's interaction with a potential participant.
Q2) Which is considered an essential element of the informed consent form for a research study?
A) The witnessing signature of an authorized party
B) The listing of members of the agency's REB
C) Explanation of whom to contact regarding any area of the study
D) List of participant's assignment to intervention group or control group
Q3) Which statements are accurate regarding the assent process for pediatric research?
A) A parental signature is required for a child to participate in a study.
B) The study protocol is reviewed with the parent and not the child.
C) The child should be able to express a preference for participation.
D) A child older than age 16 does not require a parent's signature for consent.
E) The child should understand the purpose of the study.
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Chapter 7: Introduction to Qualitative Research
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Q1) Metasynthesis involves
A) developing typologies as results of qualitative investigations.
B) different hierarchies of evidence as compared with quantitative studies.
C) interpreting various qualitative studies to reveal similarities and differences.
D) a systematic review of the literature involving classic and recent studies.
Q2) In which of the following instances should a qualitative research design be used instead of a quantitative research design?
A) When time for data collection is limited
B) When the research questions are clinical in nature
C) When the goal is to view the experience in the same way as those who are having the experience view it
D) When the researcher is a novice and has minimal experience or skill in scientific problem solving
Q3) The term triangulation refers to
A) a mathematical technique.
B) combining different methods, theories, data sources, or investigators.
C) information collected becoming repetitive.
D) possible applications of the results of qualitative studies.
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Chapter 8: Qualitative Approaches to Research
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Q1) How does the researcher know that data saturation has occurred?
A) When all participants agree on the themes derived from the study
B) When the ideas or data coming from new participants have all been expressed by previous participants
C) When the emerging themes are congruent with those developed as a result of previous studies of the same phenomenon
D) When the participants are no longer interested or willing to discuss their experiences or feelings
Q2) For an ethnographic study titled "How Rural Northern Albertan Families With Preschool Children Define and Practice Health," the researcher gathered data from mothers who were identified as the primary directors of health care within the family unit.What role did the mothers have in this study?
A) Community informants
B) General informants
C) Local informants
D) Key informants
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Chapter 9: Introduction to Quantitative Research
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Q1) When reviewing a research report,the nurse determines that all aspects of a study systematically and logically follow from the research problem.Which condition has been met?
A) Accuracy
B) Legitimacy
C) Internal validity
D) External validity
Q2) A study is examining the effect of a new antilipemic drug,compared with placebo,on lipoprotein levels in postmenopausal women.Which of these actions represents the researcher's attempt at constancy in data collection to control extraneous variables?
A) Drawing the serum lipoprotein levels of all participants at the same time of day
B) Having the same phlebotomist draw serum lipoprotein levels of all participants
C) Using the same room for drawing blood for lipoprotein levels of all participants
D) Ensuring that all participants are postmenopausal women taking lipid-lowering medication
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Chapter 10: Experimental and Quasiexperimental Designs
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Q1) What is the term used to describe the experimental treatment initiated by the researcher?
A) Independent variable
B) Dependent variable
C) Extraneous variable
D) Outcome variable
Q2) How are threats to validity affected when studies are conducted in laboratory settings?
A) Threats to both internal and external validity are increased.
B) Threats to both internal and external validity are decreased.
C) Threats to internal validity are decreased, whereas threats to external validity are increased.
D) Threats to internal validity are increased, whereas threats to external validity are decreased.
Q3) Random assignment of participants to experimental and control groups has which of these effects?
A) Minimizes mortality within groups
B) Maximizes variance between groups
C) Decreases systematic bias
D) Increases selection bias
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Chapter 11: Non-Experimental Designs
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Q1) Which types of research designs are considered to be relationship-difference studies?
A) Descriptive
B) Exploratory
C) Correlational
D) Developmental
E) Comparative
F) Cross-sectional
Q2) Which types of research designs are considered to be survey studies?
A) Descriptive
B) Exploratory
C) Correlational
D) Developmental
E) Comparative
F) Cross-sectional
Q3) What study type is indicated by data collection at only one point in time?
A) Cross-sectional
B) Retrospective
C) Longitudinal
D) Prospective
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Chapter 12: Sampling
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Q1) A nurse researcher should be particularly concerned about having a small sample size for which reason?
A) There is increased risk of obtaining a nonrepresentative sample.
B) There is increased risk of a study participant interacting with another study participant.
C) There is increased potential for loss of confidentiality.
D) There is increased regression toward the mean.
Q2) A nurse researcher can most accurately use the technique of power analysis to do what?
A) To estimate sample size
B) To establish sampling strata
C) To assign participants randomly
D) To analyze sample representativeness
Q3) Which of the following sampling strategies has the greatest risk for sample bias?
A) Quota
B) Random
C) Purposive
D) Convenience
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Chapter 13: Data Collection Methods
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Q1) What are some advantages of using physiological data-collection methods?
A) Objectivity
B) Precision
C) Flexibility
D) Inexpensive
E) Sensitivity
Q2) Which data-collection method can be assessed by asking,"Is there evidence that participants were able to answer the questions?"
A) Questionnaires
B) Interviews
C) Physiological measurement
D) Records and databases
Q3) During a research project,the researcher notes that the participant completes each assigned task with a much higher level of performance than he normally exhibits.How should a nurse researcher most accurately describe this change in the participant's behaviour?
A) Reactivity
B) Instability
C) Therapeutic
D) Interventionist
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Chapter 14: Rigour in Research
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Q1) Which criteria are used to judge a qualitative study's scientific rigor?
A) Reality based
B) Credibility
C) Confidentiality of participants
D) Auditability
E) Record keeping
F) Fittingness
Q2) Which measures used to test reliability are specific for homogeneity?
A) Test-retest reliability
B) Item-to-total correlation
C) Parallel or alternate form
D) Split-half reliability
E) Kuder-Richardson coefficient
F) Cronbach's alpha
G) Inter-rater reliability
Q3) When validity of an instrument is determined,the nurse researcher assesses what?
A) Stability
B) Variance
C) Accuracy
D) Precision
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Chapter 15: Qualitative Data Analysis
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Q1) When a reader critiques a phenomenological study for appropriateness,the reader will examine the study to see if the researcher
A) questioned the participants of the study to confirm identified themes.
B) documented the bracketing process used to maintain the proper perspective.
C) presented the narrative in a way that captured the everyday reality of participants.
D) discussed in detail the process by which identified themes emerged.
Q2) What is the main purpose of using vignettes in qualitative data analysis?
A) Vignettes are pertinent quotes from the literature that researchers add to data analysis.
B) Vignettes are narratives that help researchers present textual data as a story.
C) Vignettes are video clips that illustrate the context and themes of qualitative data.
D) Vignettes are anecdotal and reflective notes written by researchers during data collection.
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Chapter 16: Quantitative Data Analysis
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Q1) Which parametric statistical tests compares the difference between mental status scores for patients with dementia (Group 1)and those for patients with confusion from dehydration (Group 2)?
A) The t test
B) Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient
C) Chi-square
D) Meta-analysis
Q2) Which characteristic is an essential criterion for categorizing an object,event,or fact as nominal-level data?
A) The degree of the characteristic must be positively related to the number assigned.
B) Rank orders must be calculated for meaningful interpretation.
C) Categories must be mutually exclusive.
D) Category ranges cannot overlap.
Q3) Which data measurement scales typically use nonparametric tests of significance?
A) Nominal
B) Ordinal
C) Interval
D) Ratio
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Chapter 17: Presenting the Findings
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Q1) Which section of the report allows the nurse researcher to determine if instruments were reliable and valid?
A) Results
B) Discussion
C) Literature review
D) Methods
Q2) How should these statements be interpreted? (1)"There is a positive relationship between the degree of social support available to new mothers and maternal attachment scores." (2)"The Pearson correlation coefficient was r = 0.79,p < 0.05."
A) The hypothesis was proven.
B) The hypothesis was supported.
C) The result was clinically significant but not statistically significant.
D) The statistical analysis indicates that the positive correlation was a chance event.
Q3) What is the purpose of the "Discussion" section of a research report?
A) Objective presentation of data
B) Interpretation of the study's meaning
C) Opportunity to thank the researcher's co-workers
D) Examination of the suitability of the research design to its stated purpose
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Chapter 18: Critiquing Qualitative Research
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Q1) Review the abstract provided below before responding to the question. Abstract INTRODUCTION
Although research interest in women's health is growing,much of the literature does not sufficiently describe the importance of geography and gender for the health of women.This qualitative study explored factors in the northern Canadian context that influence women's health by interviewing 25 women in northern Canada. RESULTS
Findings reveal that the importance of the northern context for women's health can be attributed to the north's historical location and its physical,sociocultural,and political environments.The northern context contributes to the marginalization of northern women that is characterized by isolation,limited options,limited power,and being silenced.
Which theoretical or philosophical perspective that is central to Canadian nursing and primary health care is most likely to have served as the foundation of the study presented in the abstract?
A) Health promotion
B) Gender equity
C) Social determinants of health
D) Privatization
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Chapter 19: Critiquing Quantitative Research
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Q1) A nurse researcher is critically appraising a research report and asks the question "Is the format appropriate for use with this population?" Which data collection methods and procedures would this question evaluate?
A) Physiological measurement
B) Questionnaires
C) Available data records
D) Observation
Q2) Which critical appraisal question would evaluate the research question and hypothesis of a research report?
A) Is there a synthesis summary that presents the overall strengths and weaknesses and arrives at a logical conclusion that generates hypotheses or research questions?
B) What are the sources of bias, and are they dealt with appropriately?
C) How have the purpose, aims, or goals of the study been substantiated?
D) To what population may the findings be generalized? What are the limitations in generalizability?
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Chapter 20: Developing an Evidence-Informed Practice
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Q1) Which of the following conditions should be used to promote the decision to change practice based on evidence?
A) The researchers providing the majority of the evidence are recognized experts in the field.
B) Research reports on the new intervention demonstrate inconsistent or contradictory results.
C) The intervention was tested in a population with few characteristics in common with the proposed practice population.
D) The intervention is inexpensive and easy to learn, and the outcome can be measured objectively.
Q2) How do "opinion leaders" influence their peers among the staff to adhere to the specific new EIP standard?
A) Bringing in consulting experts
B) Role-modelling the new practice
C) Evaluating the supporting research data
D) Pressuring the staff to adopt the proposed changes
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