Research Design
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Research Design provides students with an in-depth understanding of the foundational principles and methodologies necessary for planning and conducting rigorous academic research. The course explores various types of research designs, including experimental, quasi-experimental, correlational, and qualitative approaches. Students learn to formulate research questions, develop hypotheses, select appropriate data collection methods, and ensure the validity and reliability of their studies. Emphasis is placed on ethical considerations, sampling techniques, and the interpretation of results. By the end of the course, students are equipped to design their own research projects and critically evaluate the research of others within their academic field.
Recommended Textbook
Understanding Research 2nd Edition by W. Lawrence Neuman
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Chapter 1: Why Do Research
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Q1) Two types of research are typically done in the later stage of the learning process.They are
A)explanatory,evaluation.
B)descriptive,explanatory.
C)evaluation,descriptive.
D)exploratory,descriptive.
Answer: A
Q2) Basic research addresses a specific concern or offers solutions to a problem that has been identified by an employer,club,or some other organization or movement.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Research that utilizes previously collected data organized in a different way to address a question is considered what type of data collection technique?
Answer: existing statistical sources
Q4) Research is an ongoing process,building on______. Answer: past/present research
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3
Chapter 2: Planning a Study
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Q1) Inductive and deductive
A)are two approaches to reasoning in a study method.
B)cannot be used together.
C)reasoning are the same thing.
D)refer to quantitative research only.
Answer: A
Q2) What is not needed for a causal explanation?
A)time order
B)the dependent variable.
C)association
D)the qualitative variable.
Answer: B
Q3) Discuss the 8 questions found in developing a research proposal- what are they and what is each's relevance to the proposal?
Answer: When to focus the research question? What universe can be generalized? What type of research path? What is examined? What patterns are in the data? What type of explanation? What is the level of analysis? What are the units of analysis?
Q4) A(n)______ is typically causal in nature when used in quantitative research. Answer: theory
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Chapter 3: Becoming an Ethical Researcher
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Q1) A(n)______ is a committee of researchers and community members that oversees, monitors,and reviews the impact of research procedures on human participants.
Answer: Institutional Review Board
Q2) When a researcher informs an external source of a serious ethical issue that is not being resolved within the organization,this is called A)horn blowing.
B)zipper application.
C)whistle blowing.
D)suppressing findings.
Answer: C
Q3) A sponsor tells Mr.Marsh that it will pay for his research if the results come out a certain way.
A)The ethical choice is for him to refuse to continue the study.
B)He is conducting value free research.
C)Sponsors always request this.
D)Sponsors will not conduct research without this request.
Answer: A
Q4) Two major types of______ are plagiarism and research fraud. Answer: scientific misconduct
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Chapter 4: Sampling
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Q1) A quasi-random sampling method when a computer is not available is______.
Q2) In all random samples the researcher starts by
A)calling numbers.
B)obtaining a set of random numbers.
C)numbering each element in the frame.
D)replacing sample elements.
Q3) Dr.Van Offer is considering a research study of lung cancer caused by smoking.What population parameter would he most likely look for in the entire population?
A)people who are obese and have lung cancer
B)people who are smokers and have lung cancer
C)diabetics who have lung cancer
D)people with tooth decay and lung cancer
Q4) ______ samples possible telephone numbers using computer-based random sampling.
Q5) Which type of sampling is most applicable for capturing an existing network?
A)snowball sampling
B)quota sampling
C)purposive sampling
D)convenience sampling
Q6) What are the three steps in quota sampling?
6
Q7) A(n)______ is a specific list of sampling elements in the target population.
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Chapter 5: Measuring Social Life
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Q1) This type of validity is easiest to achieve and the most basic kind of validity.It is a judgment by knowledgeable people that the indicator really measures the concept it purports to measure.It is known as
A)face validity.
B)content validity.
C)criterion validity.
D)standard deviation.
Q2) Name the four levels of measurement,from lowest (discrete and least precise)to highest precision.
Q3) All measurement builds on these two processes:
A)conceptualization,measurement.
B)data,measurement.
C)operationalization,conceptualization.
D)zone of confidence,population frame.
Q4) Scales and indexes should have many dimensions in addition to being mutually exclusive and exhaustive.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is the difference between mutually exclusive and exhaustive attributes?
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Chapter 6: The Survey
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Q1) A double-barreled question joins two or more questions together and makes a respondent's answer ambiguous.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A(n)______ is a fixed collection of questions used in a social survey that respondents answer.
Q3) A contingency question really has three questions that all must be answered.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Answer choices on a survey should be balanced.What does that mean?
A)There should always be an even number of answers.
B)The favorable or unfavorable choices are offered equally in a set of responses.
C)There is a fulcrum in the answers.
D)There are equal "right" and "wrong" answers.
Q5) What is the difference between an open-ended question and a closed-ended question?
Q6) A standard-format question does not offer a "don't know" choice.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: The Experiment
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Q1) A factorial design has how many categories in the first,second,and third independent variables? (Answer in this order. )
Q2) Researchers consult with a(n)______ when there is a question about potential risk or harm to participants.
Q3) In general,social scientists get their best results by comparing very different groups to each other.
A)True
B)False
Q4) When using a true random process,over the long run the odds are
A)that the researcher tires of the experiment.
B)all the people in the groups will be different.
C)the people in the groups will be equal. D)even.
Q5) Three major areas of technique for carrying out effective experiments are A)planning,instructions to participants,and post experiment interviews.
B)discussion,field experiments,and Hawthorne Effect.
C)paper,computer,and PDAs.
D)internal validity,external validity,and Hawthorne Effect.
Q6) What is a double-blind experiment?
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Research With Non-Reactive Measures
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Q1) ______ measures are measures that do not intrude or disturb a person,so the person is unaware of them.
Q2) When government agencies stop collecting certain types of data,it can limit existing statistics and the data is then considered ______,one of the limitations of existing statistics research.
Q3) Text appears in all communication media,including A)books.
B)speeches.
C)films.
D)All of these answers are correct.
Q4) When a researcher uses coding,s/he turns aspects of text content into quantitative variables.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Content analysis is useful for A)topics studied at a distance.
B)anyone who wants to learn about research.
C)only social scientists.
D)small,intricate details.
Q6) Identify five characteristics of variables that are coded in text content.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Making Sense of the Numbers
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Q1) Discuss measurements used in distribution around the center of a curve: range,percentile,standard deviation,and Z-score.
Q2) A simple table showing how many,or what percent of the cases fall into each variable category is called ______.
Q3) Mr.Marsh wants to see if smokers like to gamble at casinos.Once he has his data,he plots the information in a scattergram.What three aspects of the bivariate relationship will the scattergram reveal? Explain the significance of each.
Q4) Because standard deviation is not easy to interpret,Dr.Mottle uses another standard measure that expresses scores on a frequency distribution in terms of a number of standard deviations from the mean.What is Dr.Mottle using?
A)Z-score
B)X-score
C)mean score
D)standard deviation score
Q5) What three aspects of a bivariate relationship are revealed in a scattergram?
Q6) When there is an absence of an association or covariation between two variables this is called what?
Q7) Mr.Marsh lost his codebook at a meeting.Is this a problem? If so,why?
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Observing People in Natural Settings
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Q1) Mr.Marsh's field study involves observation of family and friends while they wait for their loved one in the emergency room waiting area.He formally asked and gained permission of the hospital administrator,the ER director,and the head ER physician to conduct the research study.An hour into his field work,an ER nurse takes him aside and tells him that two people have complained that he is "creeping them out" and asks him who he is and what he is doing in the waiting area.When he tells the nurse what he is doing,she tells him that he does NOT have her permission to conduct his research.The nurse is someone with the formal or informal authority to control access to the field site.How should Mr.Marsh proceed? Write two paragraphs on possible "next steps" for Mr.Marsh to continue his research.
Q2) Name three types of field site events that a researcher can sample.
Q3) Four factors affecting a researcher's choice of a field research site are containment,richness,unfamiliarity,and suitability.Discuss what each means and its importance to the field research.
Q4) What is the most common ethical issue in field research?
A)deceit
B)confidentiality
C)privacy
D)gossip
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Chapter 11: Looking at the Past and Across Cultures
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Q1) Running records are files or documents that an organization maintains over time.Which of the following is a limitation of running records?
A)Organizations do not always maintain them.
B)Organizations run out of space and the records are hard to find.
C)Paper documents are often old and brittle.
D)Handwritten records may be difficult to interpret.
Q2) A special type of recollection is called a(n)______,which includes a verbal story of a person's recollections.
Q3) Early in the research study,the researcher should think through the topic and develop ideas.Which of the following is true?
A)It is impossible to begin research without some assumptions,concepts,and theory.
B)It is possible to write a preliminary report before the research begins.
C)Once a researcher is set on a topic,it is impossible to change direction because of what he learns from the data.
D)Often the data fit with original concepts.
Q4) Discuss ethical ramifications of historical-comparative research.
Q5) Name three things that make historical-comparative research unique.
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Chapter 12: Writing a Research Report
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Q1) An essential part of the research process,where the researcher communicates the results of her study,is the
A)final speech.
B)congratulatory party.
C)research report.
D)report card.
Q2) The purpose of a research report is to tell others what the researcher did,how it was done,and
A)how much it cost.
B)where it took place.
C)why it was done.
D)what was discovered.
Q3) Professional writers suggest that one should know their audience when writing. A)True
B)False
Q4) A researcher should not think about writing a research report until she has finished all her data collection.
A)True
B)False
Q5) List two suggestions for improvement in the rewriting process.
Page 14
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