Research Design in Criminology and Criminal Justice
Final Exam Questions
Course Introduction
This course explores the fundamental principles and methodologies of research design within the fields of criminology and criminal justice. Students will learn how to formulate research questions, develop hypotheses, and select appropriate qualitative and quantitative research methods. Emphasis is placed on ethical considerations, sampling strategies, data collection techniques, and the critical evaluation of existing studies. By the end of the course, students will be prepared to design rigorous research projects that contribute to evidence-based policy and practice in criminology and criminal justice settings.
Recommended Textbook
Research Methods for Criminal Justice and Criminology 7th Edition by Michael G. Maxfield
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Chapter 1: Crime Criminal-Justice And-Scientific-Inquiry
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Sample Questions
Q1) When you repeat a study to see if you achieve similar results,you are doing
A) too much work
B) pattern following
C) replication
D) theoretical repetition
Answer: C
Q2) When there is pressure to reach a general understanding,there is a tendency toward A) overgeneralization
B) inaccurate observations
C) illogical reasoning
D) miscalculation
Answer: A
Q3) We can understand something by knowing the why before the what.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Eye witness testimony that turns out to be inaccurate is an example of the inaccurate ____________________ type of error in personal human inquiry.
Answer: observation
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Chapter 2: Theory and Criminal Justice Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) When a researcher monitors and evaluates results of a program to determine if it is achieving its goals,this step is similar to ____________________ testing in basic research.
Answer: hypothesis
Q2) Much of the current social science research has moved from description to:
A) exploration
B) explanation
C) understanding
D) theory
Answer: B
Q3) The three main elements in the traditional model of science include theory,operationalization,and:
A) statistics
B) hypotheses
C) observation
D) conclusions
Answer: C
Q4) Using the inductive model,____________________ are developed from the analysis of research data.
Answer: theories
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Ethics and Criminal Justice Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) As a researcher keep in mind that when individuals are selected to participate in any sort of research study it_____________their regular activities.
Answer: disrupts
Q2) The National Crime Victimization Survey prevents researchers of the public from having information on a victim's
A) age
B) relationship to an offender
C) place of residence
D) gender
Answer: C
Q3) An example of____________- is when a researcher is able to link information with a given person's identity but promises not to do so publicly.
Answer: confidentiality
Q4) When using students in your class as research subjects and having them complete a questionnaire,there is a potential for ethical problems in that their participation may not be__________ .
Answer: voluntary
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5
Chapter 4: General Issues In Research Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) Households used by the National Crime Victimization Survey are an example of which unit of analysis?
A) individuals
B) groups
C) social artifacts
D) organizations
Q2) Which of the following is not a characteristic of a cross-sectional study?
A) the study is conducted at one point in time
B) cross-sectional studies for explanatory or evaluation purposes have an inherent flaw
C) the study assesses changes that take place in a specific sample over time
D) it allows a large population to be examined at a specific point in time
Q3) With respect to causation
A) it is the focus of explanatory research
B) it suggests a cause and effect relationship
C) cause in social science is inherently probabilistic
D) all of the above
Q4) Interests,ideas, ,______________and new programs are all possible beginning points for a line of research.
Q5) ___________,units,and time are key elements in planning a research study.
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Chapter 5: Concepts Operationalization And-Measurement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Words are symbols in language that we use to represent mental images are known as__________ .
Q2) Operationalization involves:
A) describing how actual measurements will be made
B) adding up the sum of the parts to determine the whole
C) removing negative correlations from variables
D) making the necessary measurements
Q3) Betsie developed a definition of school bullying in such a way that this concept represented what researchers in the field have come to agree upon as the concept's meaning.Betsie developed a/an:
A) conceptualization process
B) operational definition
C) real definition
D) nominal definition
Q4) The conceptualization and operationalization processes can be seen as the specification of variables and the____________________ composing them.
Q5) _____________is a matter of whether a particular measurement technique,applied repeatedly to the same object,will yield the same result each time.
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Chapter 6: Measuring-Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) The challenge of developing reliable and valid measures of such offenses as drug use has prompted researchers and policy makers to search for______________ approaches.
Q2) Researchers must decide on offenses,units and purposes before specifying measures of crime.
A)True
B)False
Q3) It is fair to say that the UCR is:
A) a mutually exclusive measure
B) not a truly reliable measure
C) an exhaustive measure
D) all of the above
Q4) Which of the following crimes are detected almost exclusively by police observation?
A) traffic offenses
B) victimless crimes
C) drug sales
D) all of the above
Q5) Discuss what your text refers to as "measuring crime for specific purposes." Compare these with the traditional methods.
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Chapter 7: Experimental and Quasi Experimental Designs
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Sample Questions
Q1) If randomization is not possible,what should the researcher do?
A) pre and posttest
B) use the classical design
C) consider using a quasi-experimental design
D) randomization is always possible
Q2) Instead of making one pre-test and one post-test measure the____________ makes a longer series of observations before and after introducing an experimental treatment.
Q3) Graduates majoring in criminal justice and graduates majoring in psychology from the State University were part of a study to assess employment success of those receiving their degrees in May 2002.Six months after graduation a questionnaire was sent out asking about their job seeking success.What type of design is this?
A) a double-blind experiment
B) a non-equivalent groups design
C) a time-series design
D) a cohort design
Q4) Accidental spillover of an experimental stimulus to the control group is an example of treatment
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Chapter 8: Sampling
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Sample Questions
Q1) With the use of stratified sampling a researcher wants to reduce the:
A) sampling error
B) standard error
C) number of dependent variables
D) time it takes to draw a sample
Q2) When the researcher can list each element of a population,that list is known as the sampling
Q3) When it is not possible to obtain a list of elements in a population,_____________ sampling procedures are called for.
Q4) If the variable that you are interested in studying is so rare that it is unlikely to be discovered using random sampling,what is the best alternative?
A) accidental sampling
B) quota sampling
C) stratified sampling
D) purposive sampling
Q5) Nonprobability sampling cannot be used in criminal justice research. A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Survey Research and Other Ways of Asking Questions
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Q1) If the respondent must select an answer from among a list provided by the researcher,they are answering ____________________ questions.
Q2) What would be considered the minimum level for an adequate response rate for analysis and reporting of questionnaires?
A) 30 %
B) 40%
C) 50%
D) 75%
Q3) Which is a potential problem when using self-report surveys with high-rate offenders?
A) sampling
B) recall error
C) representation
D) bias
Q4) The National Crime Victimization Survey can be used to evaluate local crime prevention programs.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Qualitative-Interviewing
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not utilized in the process of gaining access to formal organizations:
A) sponsor
B) cold call
C) letter
D) meeting
Q2) Diachronic delivery of data starts at the beginning and progresses:
A) chronologically
B) backwards
C) evenly
D) randomly
Q3) A key feature of qualitative interviewing is:
A) data
B) validity
C) contextualization
D) regression
Q4) An___________ interview consists solely of predetermined questions.
Q5) The first level of qualitative data is known as___________.
Q6) ___________interviews involve a mixture of pre-determined and created on the spot questions.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Field-Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an ethical question that needs to be addressed by the researcher?
A) Are the scientific results generalizable?
B) Is it proper to use of deception to get subjects to talk with us?
C) Are the results valid?
D) Are you sure that the results are reliable?
Q2) Which of the following would not be an example of a topic that would lend itself to field research?
A) gang graffiti
B) prostitution
C) drug use
D) criminal records
Q3) If the researcher feels they will need to ask questions of the subjects,what is the best technique in field research to use?
A) complete observer
B) complete participant
C) a combination of observer and participant
D) surveys
Q4) ____________is a matter if dependability.
Q5) _________refers to whether specific findings apply to the unobserved.
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Chapter 12: Agency Records Content Analysis And Secondary Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) Being able to benefit from the work of topflight professionals and esteemed academics is an advantage of using:
A) secondary data
B) published statistics
C) nonpublic agency data
D) new data collected by agency staff
Q2) Which of the following is not considered to be a published statistic?
A) Criminal Victimization in the United States
B) Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics
C) Detroit Police Department call of service statistics
D) Correctional Populations in the United States
Q3) Agency records,secondary data and content analysis do not require direct_________ with research subjects.
Q4) Being able to link an individual to the agency data collected about him/her is a clear violation of reliability and validity.
A)True
B)False
Q5) In content analysis one may code the visible,surface content known as the__________ content.
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Chapter 13: Evaluation Research and Problem Analysis
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Sample Questions
Q1) The good thing about applied studies such as program evaluation is that they do not require the same degree of planning as do survey designs.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Evaluation research is designed to:
A) be cost effective
B) determine if a program is effective in its implementation
C) determine what the public policy should be
D) be published
Q3) What is the fundamental first step in conducting evaluation studies?
A) measuring program goals
B) obtaining evaluable statements
C) specifying outcomes
D) clearly specifying program goals
Q4) Which of the following can color research in many ways?
A) evaluation
B) politics
C) results
D) analyses
Q5) Policy______________ refer to what is actually produced.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Interpreting-Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following measures of central tendency are the easiest to calculate?
A) mean
B) mode
C) standard deviation
D) median
Q2) Murder rates and arrest rates are common examples in which the____________ is a relatively straightforward count.
Q3) Professor White asked his students to put the number of hours each studied for the final exam on a piece of paper and turn that paper in with the exam.The pieces of paper indicate that students studied 10,3,4,25,1,4,4,12,6,8 and 10 hours.What is the modal number of hours studied?
A) 10
B) 25
C) 4
D) 1
Q4) A(n)__________ indicates what percentage of cases that fall at or below some value.
Q5) The standard deviation is the square root of the_________ .
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