Research Design and Analysis
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Course Introduction
Research Design and Analysis introduces students to the fundamental principles and methodologies used in designing, conducting, and interpreting empirical research. The course covers key topics such as hypothesis development, sampling techniques, data collection methods, experimental and non-experimental designs, and ethical considerations in research. Students will gain hands-on experience with various quantitative and qualitative data analysis techniques, including statistical testing and interpretation. Emphasis is placed on critical evaluation of research studies, proper reporting of findings, and the application of research design principles across diverse academic disciplines, preparing students to both conduct their own research and assess the research of others.
Recommended Textbook
The Practice of Social Research 14th Edition by Earl R. Babbie
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Chapter 1: Human Inquiry and Science
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Q1) Sally begins to think about the grades she receives for class participation.Recalling her prior semester she writes down that she received a 10/10 from Ms.Smith and a 9/10 from Ms.Baxter,4/10 from Mr.Cagney,3/10 from Mr.Wiley and 10/10 from Ms.Dona.Examining the list she realizes that she spoke a lot in classes with Smith,Baxter and Dona and very little in her other two classes.She also notices that the classes in which she spoke have female instructors and that she rarely spoke in the two classes with male instructors.She then begins to list all her college courses,the gender of the professor and whether or not she spoke in class.She notices that she tends to speak in classes where the instructor is female and rarely speaks when the instructor is male and that her class participation grades are higher when she speaks more.Sally is using
A)inductive reasoning.
B)qualitative analysis.
C)deductive reasoning.
D)ordinary human inquiry.
E)nomothetic reasoning.
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Paradigms,theory,and Social Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Bob is interested in studying why his adolescent cousin Alex and his neighborhood Friends became juvenile delinquents.Given his interests,he will most likely utilize __________ in conducting his research.
A)macrotheory
B)microtheory
C)Darwinist theory
D)inductive theory
E)conflict theory
Answer: B
Q2) Axioms are fundamental assertions,assumed to be true that a theory is based upon.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) A null hypothesis is the evidence of an independent variable's effect on a dependent variable.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: The Ethics and Politics of Social Research
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Q1) What was the major ethical concern that plagued Zimbardo's Prison Experiment?
A)privacy
B)confidentiality
C)political
D)psychological harm to subjects
E)debriefing
Answer: D
Q2) It is always unethical to deceive subjects.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Ethical obligations to one's colleagues in the scientific community
A)require that technical shortcomings and failures of the study be revealed.
B)encourage researchers to ignore negative findings.
C)encourage researchers to describe their findings as the product of a carefully preplanned analytical strategy.
D)require researchers to report only the positive discoveries.
E)encourage researchers to insert their personal views into the research
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Research Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) The purpose of the literature review is to:
A)define the sample and population of interest
B)outline the research method to be used
C)analyze data
D)familiarize the reader about the topic and what is known about it
E)apply the result of research to the world
Q2) The ecological fallacy is most relevant in terms of which one of the following?
A)criteria for establishing nomothetic causal explanations
B)purposes of research
C)necessary and sufficient causes
D)units of analysis
E)writing hypotheses
Q3) Research studies that follow the same people at different times,collecting data at specified intervals,are what kind of study?
A)cohort
B)cross-sectional
C)panel
D)trend
E)spurious
Q4) Describe the steps involved in the research process.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Conceptualization, operationalization, and Measurement
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Q1) A nominal measure is one that is already quantified and ready to measure
A)True
B)False
Q2) When one defines a concept by specifying how it will be measured,what definition has he or she created?
A)literal definition
B)real definition
C)nominal definition
D)operational definition
E)specific definition
Q3) Achieving validity is more important than achieving reliability.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Concepts have a single unambiguous meaning.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Unlike other elements of a research study,the level of measurement has no ethical considerations.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Indexes, scales, and Typologies
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Q1) If two items in an index are perfectly correlated,both of them should be eliminated from the index.
A)True
B)False
Q2) If Lily finds that all 10 items are logically related to one another,her next step is to
A)use that relationship to determine which are the better indicators.
B)use that relationship to throw out the better indicators.
C)use that relationship in order to add more indicators.
D)externally validate those items.
E)analyze the scores for those items.
Q3) Giving a set of judges a large number of items that are thought to be indicators of a given variable and asking them to estimate how strong an indicator of the variable each item is,is a technique used in constructing a ____ scale.
A)Bogardus
B)Guttman
C)Thurstone
D)Semantic differential
E)Likert
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Chapter 7: The Logic of Sampling
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Q1) What is the basic process in probability proportionate to size sampling?
A)give clusters all the same chance of being picked but pick a different number of elements per cluster
B)give bigger clusters a greater chance of being picked but then take the same number of elements per cluster
C)give bigger clusters a greater chance of being picked and then take proportionately fewer elements in the bigger clusters
D)give all clusters an equal chance of being picked and then take the same number of elements per cluster
Q2) Another term for snowball sampling methods is:
A) iceberg sampling.
B) chain referral.
C) open referral.
D) quota sampling.
E) expanding sampling.
Q3) What are the particular benefits and difficulties introduced from society's increased use of cell phones? What has been suggested from a research prospective to adjust to this development?
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Chapter 8: Experiments
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Q1) The classical experimental design
A)helps guard against the sources of internal and external validity.
B)helps guard against the sources of external invalidity.
C)helps guard against the sources of internal invalidity.
D)cannot guard against the sources of either internal or external invalidity.
E)what it helps guard against depends upon the particular experiment.
Q2) The difference between the experimental and control groups should be that the
A)experimental group receives the dependent variable and the control group does not.
B)experimental group receives the independent variable and the control group does not.
C)control group receives the dependent variable and the experimental group does not.
D)control group receives the independent variable and the experimental does not.
E)both the experimental and control group receive the dependent variable
Q3) The problem of external validity refers to the generalizability of results.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain what is meant by internal and external validity.
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Chapter 9: Survey Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) The primary function of the probe is to
A)loosen up the respondent.
B)get the correct answer from the respondent.
C)get the respondent to answer a question more fully.
D)indicate an understanding and interest in the respondent.
E)allow the interviewer to give the respondent more information about the question.
Q2) During interview surveys,demographic questions should be asked up front.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Describe three research questions for which survey research is an appropriate technique of observation.Describe whether and why these three topics are better suited to an interview or a mailed questionnaire.
Q4) Once interviewers are trained,their work no longer requires supervision. A)True
B)False
Q5) Interview surveys are best for addressing sensitive topics such as criminal behavior.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Qualitative Field Research
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Q1) Lorenzo did a study of delinquents in high school and wanted to understand delinquents as they make sense of their social worlds.He was particularly interested in the taken for granted expectations that the delinquents followed.Lorenzo was using which paradigm?
A)ethnomethodology
B)participatory action research
C)naturalism
D)grounded theory
E)case studies
Q2) Journalists and social scientists differ with regard to interviews in their A) methods used.
B) relationship to data.
C) recording of interviews.
D) presentation to interviewees.
E) use of interview guides.
Q3) A common example of observer as participant research is the one-visit interview where researchers ask interview questions,but there is no give-and-take conversation with participants.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Unobtrusive Research
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Q1) Fantanella did a content analysis of letters to the editor.She counted the number of times that the words "disagree" and "agree" appeared,but she also coded the underlying message of the letters as being positive or negative.Counting the number of times the two words appeared is known as coding the
A)ideal types.
B)manifest content.
C)obvious meaning.
D)latent content.
E)words
Q2) Amy is interested in studying the physical and psychological effects on survivors of domestic violence.Identify the best sources for Amy,and describe the steps needed for Amy to conduct her study using unobtrusive methods.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages for the method you chose.
Q3) How can unobtrusive online research be conducted? What special considerations need to be taken into account? What are the benefits and weaknesses of this modality?
Q4) All content analysis results in counting.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Evaluation Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Tommy implemented a change in the method of reading instruction in his third grade classroom in order to improve students' performance on state assessment tests.The change in method of reading instruction is a(n)
A)computer simulation.
B)social intervention.
C)outcome measure.
D)response variable.
E)dependent variable
Q2) Stakeholders are
A)persons who control the finances of projects.
B)found in Institutional Review Board panels
C)people or groups affected by a program.
D)applied researchers
E)another name for research assistants
Q3) Participatory action research may be used in conjunction with evaluation research methods.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are the different types of evaluation research? Give an example of each of the types.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Qualitative Data Analysis
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Q1) Which of the following identifies the code labels and their meanings?
A)code notes
B)theoretical notes
C)operational notes
D)elemental memo
E)sorting memo
Q2) Qualitative data processing is both a science and an art.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Miguel is studying the "science of signs" as it relates to fear of crime.He is using semiotics.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following statements is (are)FALSE regarding semiotic analysis?
A)There is no meaning inherent in any sign.
B)Language is the only sign system of interest to those doing semiotic analysis.
C)Meanings reside in minds.
D)Semiotics is concerned with our agreements about meanings.
E)Semiotics is heavily linked to social science.
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Chapter 14: Quantitative Data Analysis
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Q1) The process of comparing your assistants' coding with each others' and with your own coding of the responses of sample responses helps to improve
A)validity.
B)reliability.
C)generalizability.
D)internal credibility.
E)content generalizability
Q2) To determine if age,education,and parental support have a measurable effect on if children become delinquent or not,which of the following should be performed?
A) univariate analysis.
B) multivariate analysis.
C) bivariate analysis.
D) frequency table.
E) standard deviation.
Q3) If you are the only researcher involved in a project,there's no need to develop a codebook.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: The Logic of Multivariate Analysis
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Q1) Deciding whether the partials are significantly different from the original table is(are)
A)an arbitrary decision.
B)based on mathematical formulas.
C)based on a rigorous procedure.
D)dependent on whether the test factor was an intervening or antecedent variable.
E)based on mathematical formulas that follow a rigorous procedure.
Q2) A variable that reverses the direction of a zero-order relationship when it is introduced is an example of a(n):
A)suppressor variable.
B)test variable.
C)distorter variable.
D)control variable.
E)inversion variable.
Q3) Differentiate between a suppressor variable and a distorter variable.Give an example of each and interpret the results.
Q4) What is meant by ex post facto hypothesizing? Why does it sometimes mislead inexperienced researchers?
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Chapter 16: Statistical Analyses
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Q1) Which of the following research projects would be most well suited to the use of GIS?
A) voting patterns between Democrats and Republicans across the United States.
B) distribution of financial resources to schools in the state of New York.
C) rates of property and violent crimes in a single city.
D) the spread of HIV infection across the entire world.
E) all of these choices are correct.
Q2) If Lindsey is interested in studying the relationship between an ordinal independent variable (e.g.level of education attained)and an interval/ratio dependent variable (e.g.number of children),she should probably conduct a means test and use a t-test or ANOVA to analyze her results.
A)True
B)False
Q3) At the univariate level,descriptive statistics are used for A)measures of association.
B)multivariate analyses.
C)data expansion.
D)data reduction.
E)determining causality.
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Chapter 17: Reading and Writing Social Research
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Q1) Questions about the unit of analysis and the purpose of the study reflect which section of the evaluation criteria to be used in reading research reports?
A)theoretical orientations
B)research design
C)measurement
D)sampling
E)summary and conclusion
Q2) Chen wrote a research paper in which she didn't quote,but paraphrased another article and forgot to cite it.Chen has committed plagiarism.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which part of a journal article is a summary that should be read first?
A) methodology
B) discussion
C) literature review
D) abstract.
E) conclusion.
Q4) What steps can you take to ensure that you write a good research report for your project?
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