Research Design and Analysis
Pre-Test Questions
Course Introduction
Research Design and Analysis introduces students to the foundational principles and practices involved in conducting systematic research across various disciplines. The course covers essential topics such as formulating research questions, selecting appropriate research methodologies (quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods), designing data collection instruments, ensuring validity and reliability, and employing ethical considerations in research. Additionally, students will learn fundamental approaches to data analysis including descriptive and inferential statistics, coding for qualitative data, and interpretation of results to draw meaningful conclusions. By the end of the course, students will be equipped to critically evaluate research studies and design their own research projects with a strong methodological foundation.
Recommended Textbook
Understanding Research 2nd Edition by W. Lawrence Neuman
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Chapter 1: Why Do Research
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Q1) Two different types of research (e.g.descriptive and exploratory)can often blend together in practice.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) In real life the seven-step research plan often integrates steps,it is nonlinear.What step is the most important in ensuring that the research topic is narrowed to an appropriate area?
A) informing others
B) designing the study
C) analyzing the data
D) focusing the question
Answer: D
Q3) Research that addresses a specific concern,like why something continues to happen,is considered______ research.
Answer: applied
Q4) Research that utilizes previously collected data organized in a different way to address a question is considered what type of data collection technique?
Answer: existing statistical sources
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Chapter 2: Planning a Study
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT true for quantitative research?
A)Approach is deductive.
B)Path is linear.
C)Ideas are expressed in the form of district variables.
D)Data is in the form of words and images.
Answer: D
Q2) Synthesizing and writing the literature review is the first and easiest step of the literature review process.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) What is a journal abstract and what does it include?
Answer: a summary of the manuscript and includes topic,research question,method,and findings
Q4) Micro level and macro level are terms used in
A)level of analysis.
B)lack of analysis.
C)microscopy.
D)macroscopy
Answer: A
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Becoming an Ethical Researcher
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Q1) The research community identifies clear prohibitions when recognizing research ethics including all of these EXCEPT
A)never cause unnecessary or irreversible harm to research participants.
B)never unnecessarily humiliate or degrade research participants.
C)never release harmful information about specific individuals collected for research purposes.
D)voluntary consent is sometimes needed.
Answer: D
Q2) Social research can cause harm in several ways;name three of them.
Answer: physical or bodily harm,emotional distress or psychological harm,legal harm and damage to a person's career,reputation of income
Q3) Any researcher should be cautious about unnecessary stress because A)any discomfort that a researcher creates must have a very clear,legitimate research purpose.
B)written consent is not needed.
C)it is best to gin the experiment with the highest level of stress.
D)None of these answers are correct.
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Sampling
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Q1) This type of sampling is a multistage method in which groups are randomly sampled and then a random sample of elements is taken from the sampled groups.This type of random sampling is called ______.
Q2) What is random-digit dialing?
Q3) A researcher may use ______sampling to sample a social network of people or linked organizations.
Q4) What is a target population?
Q5) Random sampling
A)is most likely to produce a sample that truly represents the population.
B)is the same as quota sampling.
C)requires less work than nonrandom sampling.
D)is similar to black versus white.
Q6) What is the difference between haphazard and random in regard to sampling?
Q7) Qualitative researchers rarely use random sampling because they often have different goals than to get a representative sample of a large population.
A)True
B)False
Q8) A quasi-random sampling method when a computer is not available is______.
Q9) What are two critical features of true random processes?
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Chapter 5: Measuring Social Life
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Q1) All measurement builds on these two processes:
A)conceptualization,measurement.
B)data,measurement.
C)operationalization,conceptualization.
D)zone of confidence,population frame.
Q2) What is the difference between mutually exclusive and exhaustive attributes?
Q3) A researcher designs a study with this scaling technique in mind.______ scaling is a technique that tells the researcher whether a particular structured pattern holds among a set of items.
Q4) Name the four levels of measurement,from lowest (discrete and least precise)to highest precision.
Q5) A measurement can be valid for one purpose,but may not for another.
A)True
B)False
Q6) A ______ is a measure that captures a concept's intensity,direction,or level at the ordinal level of measurement.
Q7) What are two complications of index construction and why?
Q9) What is the three-part sequence of measuring quantitative data flow? Page 7
Q8) _______ means that all items of an index or scale measure the same concept.
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Chapter 6: The Survey
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Q1) A type of bias that occurs when respondents distort answers to look good or to conform to social norms is a(n)______ bias.
Q2) A contingency question really has three questions that all must be answered.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What are the advantages and disadvantages of a mailed questionnaire?
Q4) What is the difference between an opinion poll and a survey?
Q5) Most surveys offer preset answers from which a respondent chooses.The ______ feature requires that none of the response categories overlap.
Q6) The first stage of a person-to-person interview is to A)find a quiet location.
B)introduction and entry.
C)greeting.
D)All of these answers are correct.
Q7) The lowest cost format for surveys is A)web based.
B)face to face.
C)by telephone.
D)All of these answers are correct.
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Chapter 7: The Experiment
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Q1) A factorial design has how many categories in the first,second,and third independent variables? (Answer in this order. )
Q2) When a researcher says that her experiment suffers from experimental mortality,it means that at least one of the participants died while participating in the experiment. A)True B)False
Q3) If a researcher accidentally or indirectly communicates desired findings to participants,this is called ______.
Q4) ______ designs are used when it is difficult to use the full classical design.This design has a weakness in that it is more difficult to infer a causal relationship.
Q5) What two effects can influence factorial designs?
Q6) If a researcher uses deception,they must also A)debrief participants as soon as possible. B)keep the deception to themselves.
C)deny that they used deception in publications.
D)discuss the study with colleagues.
Q7) Why is a Latin Square design different from factorial design?
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Chapter 8: Research With Non-Reactive Measures
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Q1) Content analysis is a(n)______ technique that lets a researcher explore both hidden and visible content in communication messages.
Q2) Give two examples of content in the context of content analysis,i.e.words...
Q3) ______ reliability is a measure of consistent measurements in content analysis across multiple coders.
Q4) Give an example of a publicly available social indicator.
Q5) ______ measures are measures that do not intrude or disturb a person,so the person is unaware of them.
Q6) Identify five characteristics of variables that are coded in text content.
Q7) When a researcher uses coding,s/he turns aspects of text content into quantitative variables.
A)True
B)False
Q8) A limitation to use of the General Social Survey is A)lack of photos.
B)infrequent publication.
C)ways questions are worded.
D)All of these answers are correct.
Q9) What is the difference between manifest coding and latent coding? Page 11
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Chapter 9: Making Sense of the Numbers
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Q1) _____ indicates the probability of finding a relationship in sample data when there is none in the population.
Q2) ____ is one of the most widely used statistical techniques for nonexperimental data analysis in professional research reports.
Q3) This measure of central tendency requires that one half of the variables are above it and half are below it on a curve.This is called the ______.
Q4) Which of the following is NOT a technique to help decide if there is a relationship between two variables?
A)scattergram
B)cross-tabulation
C)bell curve
D)measures of association
Q5) The plot of a positive directional relationship on a scattergram looks like a diagonal line that begins in the lower left and goes to the upper right.
A)True
B)False
Q6) A Z-score is a standardized measure that uses what two measures in one score?
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Chapter 10: Observing People in Natural Settings
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Q1) Field researchers have strategies that they tailor to the field site and their background.Which of those strategies is listed below?
A)being an earnest novice
B)being absolutely silent
C)provoking conflict
D)using odd facial expressions
Q2) Mr.Marsh is "concerned" that nothing seems to be happening in his field research.What should he do?
A)Be patient,the relevance may not be apparent until the information is reviewed.
B)Be patient,but make personal deadlines to keep himself on track.
C)Stop the research immediately and move onto another subject.
D)Take notes for one more hour and then review his notes.
Q3) Structural questions
A)are never used in field research.
B)are the same as contrast questions.
C)are the same as descriptive questions.
D)are asked after a researcher has organized specific field events into preliminary conceptual categories.
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Chapter 11: Looking at the Past and Across Cultures
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Q1) Historical-comparative research does not require a researcher to follow a fixed set of steps;however,it involves several processes that typically START with
A)conceptualizing the issue.
B)acquiring the necessary background.
C)locating and evaluating the evidence.
D)organizing the evidence.
Q2) Historical-comparative researchers may examine and integrate data from both the micro and macro levels.
A)True
B)False
Q3) To be classified as history,an event must have happened at least ______ years ago.
A)15
B)7
C)10
D)12
Q4) Discuss the five similarities between historical-comparative and field research.
Q5) Field and historical-comparative research have five similarities.Name three of them.
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Chapter 12: Writing a Research Report
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Q1) ______ are announcements by a funding source that it seeks research proposals to fund.
Q2) A research report should be written for a scientifically literate audience.What three things did Hurd suggest that a scientifically literate person should be able to do?
Q3) ______ refers to the type of words,length and form of sentences,and pattern of paragraphs.
Q4) Dr.Mottle's research proposal contains a description of the research problem and its importance.What is she missing?
A)methodology and why the methods are appropriate
B)methodology and an appendix
C)methods and techniques
D)techniques
Q5) Most historical-comparative reports mix two types of organization- topic and ______.
Q6) The report conclusion
A)restates the research question and summarizes major findings.
B)is the same as the executive summary.
C)should be 5-10 pages in length.
D)restates the research question and reiterates all the data charts.
Page 16
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