Research Design and Analysis Practice Questions
Course Introduction
This course offers an in-depth exploration of the fundamental principles and practices involved in designing and analyzing research across various academic disciplines. Students will learn to develop research questions, formulate hypotheses, choose appropriate methodologies, and apply qualitative and quantitative techniques for data collection and analysis. Emphasis is placed on ethical considerations, validity and reliability of data, and the interpretation and presentation of research findings. Through theoretical study and practical exercises, students will gain the skills necessary to critically evaluate existing research and to design robust, methodologically sound studies of their own.
Recommended Textbook Methods in Behavioral Research 12th Edition by Paul Coz
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Scientific Understanding of Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the case of knowing that watching television violence is a predictor of actual aggression, which of the following evidence accentuates the need to know that aggression followed after television viewing occurred?
A)Temporal precedence
B)Covariation of cause and effect
C)Elimination of alternative explanations
D)Observational analysis
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following statements is true of the scientific approach to acquiring knowledge?
A)Scientists accept the pronouncements of anyone on faith.
B)Scientists do not rely on intuition and assertions of authorities for ideas for research.
C)A person can accept on faith the statements of any authority.
D)Both intuition and authority can be sources of ideas about behavior.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Where to Start
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Q1) A(n) _____ consists of a systematic body of ideas about a particular topic or phenomenon.
A)intuition
B)hunch
C)premonition
D)theory
Answer: D
Q2) Kathy is writing a section of a research report in which she explains the possible reasons for results in her study and suggestions for practical applications of the research and future research ideas. Kathy is most likely to be writing the _____ section.
A)introduction
B)method
C)results
D)discussion
Answer: D
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Ethics in Behavioral Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sasha decides to examine public records of crime rates to determine whether perpetrators committed property crimes at an earlier age in the 1940s than in the 1970s. According to the U.S Department of Health and Human Services, Sasha's research would be categorized as a(n) _____ research.
A)exempt
B)minimal risk
C)fraudulent
D)maximum risk
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following principles of the Belmont Report requires that individuals be capable of making deliberate decisions about whether to participate in research?
A)Deliberation
B)Beneficence
C)Autonomy
D)Justice
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Fundamental Research Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher investigated the relationship between alcohol intake and reaction time using a driving simulation task. Participants drank either one ounce or three ounces of alcohol. Their reaction time was measured in terms of the speed with which they braked on seeing a red light during the simulated driving task. In this case, the dependent variable in the experiment is the _____.
A)amount of alcohol
B)braking speed
C)red light
D)degree of intoxication
Q2) A researcher finds that the more a song is played on the radio, the greater the liking for the song. However, she also finds that if the song is played too much, people start to dislike the song. In the context of relationship between variables, what type of relationship exists between the song and its likeness factor?
A)Positive linear relationship
B)Negative linear relationship
C)No relationship
D)Curvilinear relationship
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6
Chapter 5: Measurement Concepts
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Sample Questions
Q1) In _____ validity, scores on the measure are related to other measures of the same construct.
A)convergent
B)face
C)concurrent
D)predictive
Q2) Which of the following statement is true of the four scales of measurement?
A)Ratio scales have no numerical or quantitative properties.
B)Nominal scales allow researchers to rank order the levels of a variable being studied.
C)In an interval scale, the intervals between the numbers are equal in size.
D)In an ordinal scale, the categories cannot be ordered from first to last.
Q3) What refers to the adequacy of the operational definition of variables?
A)Reactive validity
B)Split-half reliability
C)Construct validity
D)Interrater reliability
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Chapter 6: Observational Methods
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Q1) The observational method that provides a description of an individual is called
A)systematic observation
B)concealed observation
C)a field experiment
D)a case study
Q2) Survey archives are beneficial because they:
A)are useful for examining rare or unusual events.
B)allow researchers to save time and money in collecting data.
C)help in examining specific behaviors of an individual.
D)help researchers to explain the life of an individual.
Q3) In which of the following research methods do researchers use coding systems to measure behaviors?
A)Archival research
B)Naturalistic observation
C)Systematic observation
D)Case studies
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) While interviewing Lia, Matthew nods his head and smiles whenever Lia responds with an answer that he likes. Matthew's behavior is an example of:
A)carryover effect.
B)social desirability.
C)sampling bias.
D)interviewer bias.
Q2) The question "Are you a full-time student?" with answer options "yes" or "no" is an example of a(n) _____ question.
A)loaded
B)open-ended
C)closed-ended
D)double-barreled
Q3) Which of the following is an advantage of convenience samples?
A)They provide accurate representation of the entire population.
B)They are very effective in eliminating sample bias.
C)They make it cheaper for the researcher to obtain research participants.
D)They help in generalizing the research data to the entire U.S. population.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Experimental Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mortality in experimental design refers to the fact that participants:
A)cheat on questionnaires.
B)engage in intragroup conflict.
C)drop out of an experiment.
D)provide false responses.
Q2) Good experimental design requires eliminating possible _____ variables that could result in alternative explanations.
A)dependent
B)independent
C)confounding
D)valid
Q3) Which of the following is an advantage of using a pretest-posttest design over using a posttest-only design?
A)It assesses whether the groups are equivalent.
B)It enables participants to figure out what is being studied and why.
C)It uses less time to conduct the experiment.
D)It minimizes demand characteristics.
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10
Chapter 9: Conducting Experiments
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Sample Questions
Q1) In general, staged manipulations are _____ than straightforward manipulations.
A)less costly
B)more costly
C)weaker
D)stronger
Q2) Rachel compares the math skills of boys and girls in the sixth grade. She administers a series of math problems to both groups and asks them to solve as many problems as they can within a 15-minute time period. She finds that both groups were able to answer only 2% of the problems. The result obtained can be due to the _____ effect.
A)performance
B)practice
C)ceiling
D)floor
Q3) What is a disadvantage of using the strongest manipulation possible in a research?
A)It can result in nonsignificant findings.
B)It can cause a ceiling effect.
C)It creates a situation different from a real-world situation.
D)It invalidates previous published researches.
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11
Chapter 10: Complex Experimental Designs
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Sample Questions
Q1) In order to find a curvilinear relationship, the researcher needs to use:
A)factorial designs.
B)three or more levels of the independent variable.
C)more than one dependent variable.
D)a mixed factorial design.
Q2) The simplest factorial design is that which has:
A)two independent variables with two levels each.
B)6 conditions and 3 possible main effects.
C)one independent variable with three levels.
D)4 possible interactions and 8 conditions.
Q3) Dr. Parker finds that judgments of responsibility for an automobile accident is greater for male drivers if the outcome is severe than mild. However, for female drivers, ratings are the same irrespective of the outcome. These findings suggest:
A)a main effect of responsibility.
B)a main effect of outcome.
C)an interaction between gender and responsibility.
D)an interaction between gender and outcome.
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12
Chapter 11: Single-Case, Quasi-Experimental, and Developmental Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true of a nonequivalent control group design?
A)The design does not include a separate control group.
B)The two groups in the experiment are the result of random assignment.
C)The problem of selection differences is likely to arise in this design.
D)The same group of people is observed at different points in time as they grow older.
Q2) From an ethical viewpoint, the ABAB design is preferred over the ABA design because:
A)the ABAB design more powerfully rules out chance fluctuations and coincidental events.
B)the ABAB design is less expensive and less time-consuming.
C)a single reversal, in most cases, tends to be an extremely powerful evidence for the effectiveness of the treatment.
D)it does not seem right to end the design with the withdrawal of a treatment that may be beneficial to the participant.
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Chapter 12: Understanding Research Results: Description and
Correlation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Workers at an automobile repair shop report that half of the automobiles they repair have a resale value below $8000. In this example, which measure of central tendency does the $8000 represent?
A)Mean
B)Mode
C)Median
D)Meridian
Q2) Which of the following statements is true about bar graphs?
A)They divide a whole circle, or "pie," into "slices" that represent relative percentages.
B)They use bars to display a frequency distribution for a quantitative variable.
C)They use a separate and distinct bar for each piece of information.
D)They use a line to represent the distribution of frequencies of scores.
Q3) In a perfect positive relationship between two variables, the:
A)score on one variable enables predicting an individual's score on the other variable.
B)correlation coefficient would range between -1.0 and +1.0.
C)scores on one variable will be the same as the scores on the other variable.
D)correlation coefficient would be nearer to -1.0.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
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Sample Questions
Q1) A manipulation check is especially important when:
A)significant results are obtained.
B)nonsignificant results are obtained.
C)one-tailed tests are used.
D)two-tailed tests are used.
Q2) The likelihood of the occurrence of some event or outcome is referred to as:
A)reactivity.
B)reliability.
C)variability.
D)probability.
Q3) If a researcher proposes that there is a difference in the hiring preferences between veterans and nonveterans, such a situation represents the _____ hypothesis. If the researcher proposes that there is no difference in the hiring preferences between veterans and non-veterans, such a situation represents the _____ hypothesis.
A)null; research
B)research; null
C)inferential; descriptive
D)descriptive; inferential
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Chapter 14: Generalization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Neil conducted a study on a group of women that involved them viewing cartoons for an hour under one of two environmental conditions-either alone or with other participants. After the study, the participants rated how much they enjoyed the time spent watching the cartoons. What can be concluded based on the results of this study?
A)Men enjoy viewing cartoons more in the presence of others.
B)Women enjoy watching cartoons more than men.
C)The study has high external validity.
D)The results of the study cannot be generalized to males.
Q2) Which of the following is true of conceptual replications?
A)They are an attempt to replicate precisely the procedures of a study to see whether the same results are obtained.
B)They occur when a researcher builds on the findings of a prior study.
C)They are not important in the social sciences because the variables used cannot be operationalized in different ways.
D)They are more important than exact replications in furthering one's understanding of behavior.
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