Research Design and Analysis Practice Exam
Course Introduction
This course introduces students to the principles and practices of designing and analyzing research in the social sciences and related fields. Emphasis is placed on understanding various research methodologies, including qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods approaches. Students will explore topics such as hypothesis formulation, sampling techniques, data collection methods, measurement validity and reliability, and strategies for minimizing bias. The course also covers basic statistical analysis and interpretation, preparing students to critically evaluate published research and design scientifically sound studies. By the end of the course, students will be equipped with the skills to develop their own research proposals and analyze data using appropriate techniques.
Recommended Textbook
Research Methods In Psychology 9th Edition by John J Shaughnessy
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Q1) Which of the following statements is false?
A)Scientists recognize that researchers can make mistakes in their research.
B)Psychological scientists often withhold judgment because they recognize human behavior is complex.
C)Scientists are cautious about accepting claims about behavior until they see the findings published in psychology journals.
D)Scientists strive to draw conclusions based on empirical evidence rather than subjective judgments.
Answer: C
Q2) When using an empirical approach,psychologists focus on
A)using computers and other technology to understand people.
B)pseudoscientific topics such as clairvoyance and telepathy.
C)behaviors and experiences that can be observed directly.
D)the "black box" between a stimulus and a response.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: The Scientifi C Method
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Q1) The idea that people purchase "green" products in order to achieve higher status by behaving altruistically is
A)a hypothesis.
B)a circular argument.
C)reliable and valid.
D)all of these
Answer: A
Q2) The widespread application of psychological principles in our everyday life is possible because of _________ in the past.
A)basic research
B)time-order relationships
C)idiographic research
D)intervening variables
Answer: A
Q3) A(n)____________ is a statement about the cause of an event or behavior.
A)causal inference
B)experiment
C)construct
D)correlation
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Ethical Issues in the Conduct of Psychological Research
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Q1) Which of the following procedures is essential after an experiment involving the use of deception?
A)debriefing
B)IRB proposal
C)research evaluation form
D)legal disclaimer statement
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following is not one of the areas that Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUC)are charged to review?
A)adequacy of housing for the animals
B)procedures for controlling pain
C)budget for the proposed research
D)procedures for training personnel who will work with the animals
Answer: C
Q3) Ethical issues associated with Internet (online)research
A)include informed consent,debriefing,and confidentiality.
B)are not as serious as those associated with in-person research.
C)are not subject to the APA Code of Ethics.
D)all of these
Answer: A
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Observation
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Q1) A researcher uses archival records to investigate whether divorce rates in a city change following major catastrophes (e.g. ,hurricane,terrorism).This represents the use of
A)physical traces.
B)qualitative data analysis.
C)selective survival.
D)natural treatments.
Q2) Define and explain the reason for using time sampling and situation sampling in naturalistic observation.
Q3) Define observer bias and describe the best way to reduce this problem in a research study.
Q4) Ethologists such as Diane Fossey (who studied mountain gorillas)use a technique to adapt animal subjects to the presence of an observer by gradually increasing the time they spend in the animals' environment.This technique is called A)implosion.
B)counterconditioning.
C)desensitization.
D)regressive approach.
Q5) Identify the type of observational method used in this study.
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Chapter 5: Survey Research
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Q1) Suppose a recent issue of the campus newspaper reported a survey about students' attitudes toward proposed changes in the required curriculum.Which of the following would you need to focus on most to decide whether the survey results reported in the paper can be generalized to the entire population of students?
A)number of students in the sample
B)distinctiveness of the sample
C)representativeness of the sample
D)variability among students in the sample
Q2) The primary disadvantage of closed-response questions is that
A)they allow respondents too much flexibility in their responses.
B)responses are very difficult to code and to summarize.
C)respondents may be forced to choose among response alternatives that don't describe their true opinion.
D)all of these
Q3) Which of the following characteristics do most surveys have in common?
A)direct observation and inference
B)sampling and a set of predetermined questions
C)limited scope and pragmatic purpose
D)interviewing and the use of focus groups
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Chapter 6: Independent Groups Designs
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Q1) A cognitive psychologist wants to do an experiment testing the memory of elderly people.She has the following constraints: only 12 people available as possible participants and the independent variable she is manipulating requires the use of separate groups for each condition.The psychologist has a reliable and valid pretest she plans to use.Which design is this psychologist likely to use?
A)matched groups design
B)natural groups design
C)random groups design
D)placebo control design
Q2) Our ability to draw appropriate conclusions based on the results of an experiment depends most of all on the
A)internal validity of the experiment.
B)external validity of the findings.
C)amount of variation in the experiment.
D)statistical significance of the findings.
Q3) What type of experimental design did this researcher use?
Q4) Describe the independent variable in this study.
Q5) Describe how partial replications can be used to establish both experimental reliability and the external validity of research findings.
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Chapter 7: Repeated Measures Designs
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Q1) The problem of _____ occurs when the effects of the manipulation for a condition persist or carryover into the subsequent conditions in a repeated measures design.
A)sensitivity
B)differential transfer
C)anticipation effects
D)counterbalancing
Q2) What is the independent variable in this experiment?
Q3) A health psychologist conducts an experiment to test the effectiveness of four techniques for helping a person to relax.The psychologist has a limited number of people available to participate in the experiment and each relaxation technique takes some time to complete.The psychologist has decided,therefore,to use the incomplete repeated measures design with all possible orders to balance practice effects.What is the minimum number of participants with psychologist will need for this experiment? A)4
Q4) What is the dependent variable in this experiment?
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Chapter 8: Complex Designs
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Q1) In a complex design experiment researchers found that younger and older people performed equally well on a memory task when they were tested in the morning,but the younger people performed better than the older people when they were tested in the afternoon.The different effect of age at the two times of day represents a(n)
A)main effect.
B)correlated effect.
C)interaction effect.
D)comparison effect.
Q2) The overall effect of each independent variable in a complex design is called a(n)
A)main effect.
B)average effect.
C)comparison effect.
D)simple main effect.
Q3) What are the means for the main effect of Task Complexity? [Be sure to specify which mean belongs with each condition.]
Q4) What is the natural groups variable in this study? What are the levels?
Q5) What is the repeated measures variable? What are the levels?
Q6) Distinguish between a main effect and an interaction effect in a complex design.
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Chapter 9: Single-Case Designs and Small-N Research
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Q1) Single-subject research designs have been criticized because A)researchers often test complicated interactions among variables.
B)some participants do not receive treatment.
C)the external validity of the findings may be limited.
D)all of these
Q2) Case studies have been used successfully to study individuals with brain disorders and individuals with exceptional memory abilities.These studies illustrate the use of the case study method to
A)apply the nomothetic approach.
B)test a clinical innovation.
C)provide conclusive evidence for a particular theory.
D)study rare phenomena.
Q3) The most serious disadvantage of the case study method,because of internal validity issues,is the
A)difficulty of making causal inferences regarding the effect of treatment.
B)limitation of information based on self-reports.
C)possible problem of generalizing from a single individual.
D)possible problem of observer bias affecting the interpretation of the outcome.
Q4) Describe the common features that are present in both ABAB and multiple-baseline experimental designs.
11
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Chapter 10: Quasi-Experimental Designs and Program
Evaluation
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Q1) An argument for the internal validity of quasi-experiments
A)can always be made solely on the basis of the results of the quasi-experiments.
B)can be made on the basis of supplementary data and logical analysis in addition to the results of the quasi-experiment itself.
C)can only be made if a corresponding true experiment has been done.
D)cannot be made because of inherent threats to internal validity in these designs.
Q2) After implementing a program to improve admitting procedures in a hospital emergency room,a researcher seeks to determine whether the program is being implemented as proposed.Which research method will best serve this purpose?
A)survey method
B)observational method
C)experimental design
D)quasi-experimental design
Q3) Experiments in natural settings are likely to differ from laboratory experiments on four critical dimensions: control,external validity,goals,and consequences.Briefly describe the nature of the difference for each of these four dimensions.
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Chapter 11: Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part I
Describing Data,confi Dence Intervals, Correlation
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Q1) Which of the following procedures would not be expected during the first stage of data analysis?
A)checking for errors
B)looking for outliers
C)performing tests using inferential statistics
D)visualizing the distribution with graphical displays
Q2) A correlation coefficient ranges from
A)0.0 to +1.00
B)0.0 to -1.00
C)-1.00 to 0.0
D)-1.00 to +1.00
Q3) A negative correlation indicates that as values for one measure ___________,the values for the other measure ____________.
A)decrease,remain constant
B)increase,remain constant
C)increase,increase
D)increase,decrease
Q4) Describe the advantages and disadvantages of the three measures of central tendency: mean,median,mode.
Q5) Why is a confidence interval also called a "margin of error"?
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Chapter 12: Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part II Tests of
Statisticalsignifi Cance and the Analysis Story
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Q1) Results that are "statistically significant" may not be of interest to the scientific community because
A)the study's methodology was poor.
B)the results have little external validity.
C)the treatment effect is too small to be of practical value.
D)any of these reasons
Q2) What do the p values associated with each t-test tell you besides whether the result is statistically significant?
Q3) The primary factor that researcher use to control power of a statistical test is
A)size of the treatment effect.
B)level of significance.
C)population size.
D)sample size.
Q4) The t-test for independent groups is the appropriate inferential test when A)comparing two means.
B)a single random sample is taken from a population.
C)comparing more than two means.
D)calculating a correlation between groups.
Page 14
Q5) What does NHST tell us when our results are "statistically significant"?
Q6) Describe the analyses that should be conducted next.
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Chapter 13: Communication in Psychology
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Q1) The best way to write a method section of a research report is to include information that
A)is mainly general in nature.
B)identifies every detail of the study.
C)is essential to comprehend and replicate the study.
D)demonstrates how the study is similar to previous research.
Q2) The abstract of your research article is best written
A)before you do the research.
B)before you write the body of the report.
C)after writing the introduction.
D)after you have written the rest of your report.
Q3) It is recommended that you should include in the References section the ________ for a research article found online.
A)date in which it was retrieved
B)digital object identifier (DOI)
C)uniform resource locator (URL)
D)all of these
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