Research Design and Analysis
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Research Design and Analysis introduces students to the fundamental principles and methods used in planning, conducting, and evaluating scientific research. The course covers the formulation of research questions, selection of appropriate research designs (qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods), sampling strategies, data collection techniques, ethical considerations, and statistical as well as non-statistical approaches to data analysis. Emphasis is placed on developing critical skills for designing robust studies, interpreting research findings, and applying analytical tools to real-world problems across a variety of disciplines.
Recommended Textbook
The Practice of Social Research 14th Edition by Earl R. Babbie
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Human Inquiry and Science
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Sample Questions
Q1) Qualitative data tends to be richer in meaning than quantified data.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Van wants to use social science to help him decide if Protestantism is a better religion than Catholicism.As a methodologist,your best response would be:
A)depends on what you mean by "Protestantism"
B)sorry, science cannot settle debates about values
C)depends on what you mean by "better"
D)the best thing to do would be to interview a Protestant and a Catholic
E)complete a survey
Answer: B
Q3) An independent variable is a(n)
A)theoretical concept.
B)variable influencing other variables.
C)variable influenced by other variables.
D)attribute.
E)outcome variable
Answer: B
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Paradigms,theory,and Social Research
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Q1) Maurice has already developed a theory he is interested in,and has moved to defining what independent and dependent variables will be used,and how they will be measure.He is in which phase of research construction?
A)operationalization
B)hypothesis testing
C)observation
D)analysis
E)composition
Answer: A
Q2) Rose is conducting research on what people perceive as "stalking" as a criminal behavior.Since people interpret the behaviors that make up stalking differently,which paradigm is she likely following?
A)conflict paradigm
B)feminist paradigms
C)structural functionalism
D)symbolic interactionism
E)social Darwinism
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: The Ethics and Politics of Social Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) The process of outlining to participants the nature of research to be conducted,as well as any potential risks to be had,is known as A)disclosure.
B)informed consent.
C)debriefing.
D)acknowledgement.
E)orientation.
Answer: B
Q2) Daniel is conducting research and,when finishing his manuscript,realizes that his findings are skewed due to a problem with data collection.He chooses to just not mention this in his discussion and conclusion.He has committed the ethical violation of: A)reporting.
B)confidentiality.
C)anonymity.
D)no harm to participants.
E)voluntary participation.
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Research Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) The final stage of the research process involves A)observations.
B)date processing.
C)analysis.
D)writing.
E)application.
Q2) Tyler finds that in burglary cases men and women are equally likely to vote to acquit.Tyler should conclude that
A)there is no relationship between burglary and gender.
B)there is no relationship between burglary and verdicts.
C)there is a relationship between gender and verdict in burglary cases.
D)there is no relationship between gender and verdict in burglary cases.
E)there is a relationship between gender and type of offense.
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a cross-sectional study?
A)It is conducted at only one point in time.
B)It can be exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory.
C)It concentrates on the changes that take place among a specific sample over a period of time.
D)It provides a means for studying a large population at the same point in time.
E)All of these choices are characteristics of the cross-sectional study.
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Chapter 5: Conceptualization, operationalization, and Measurement
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Q1) Sophie developed a measure of job satisfaction.She validated her measure by seeing if it related to other variables that she logically expected to be related to job satisfaction.Which type of validity does this example reflect?
A)face
B)content
C)criterion-related
D)construct
E)convergent
Q2) Achieving validity is more important than achieving reliability. A)True
B)False
Q3) Theoretical creations that are based on observations but that cannot be observed directly or indirectly are known as A)constructs. B)dimensions. C)indicators. D)theories. E)corroboration
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Chapter 6: Indexes, scales, and Typologies
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Guttman scaling,the percentage of correct predictions performed in the scale is its:
A)face validity.
B)correlation.
C)coefficient of reproducibility.
D)alpha measurement.
E)lambda.
Q2) Choose a research topic of interest to you and devise a scale to measure a relevant variable using one of the following methods:
a. Bogardus social distance scale
b. Guttman scale
Be sure to discuss all the steps you would go through in constructing your scale.
Q3) Scale scores convey more information than index scores.
A)True
B)False
Q4) If two items in an index are perfectly correlated,both of them should be eliminated from the index.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 7: The Logic of Sampling
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not a cited issue resulting in reduced response rates for telephone surveys?
A) caller ID.
B) answering machines.
C) telemarketing.
D) phone lines tied up by fax or Internet access.
E) random digit dialing.
Q2) What is the unit about which information is collected in a sample,and that provides the basis of analysis?
A)element
B)population
C)study population
D)EPSEM
E)element and population
Q3) If you were interested in conducting a large-scale survey of voter's preferences for the presidential candidate,you would follow history and use a probability sample.
A)True
B)False
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9
Chapter 8: Experiments
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Sample Questions
Q1) To ensure that all your participants have an equal opportunity to be in either experimental group (one receives a drug,the other group receives a placebo),you decide to toss a coin to determine who gets placed in which group.You have engaged in
A)selective participation
B)random sampling
C)random assignment
D)random participation
E)matching
Q2) In an experiment where neither the physicians nor the subjects know who was receiving the experimental drug or placebo is an example of a A)non-confounding experiment.
B)secure experiment.
C)true experiment.
D)double-blind experiment.
E)post hoc experiment.
Q3) The problem of external validity refers to the generalizability of results.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain what is meant by internal and external validity.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Survey Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) The use of inferential statistics in survey analysis assumes that at least 55% of the initial sample completed and returned their questionnaires.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The most effective method of determining whether Michael's questionnaire on sexual assault has problems due to the ordering of the questions is to pretest various versions of the questionnaire.
A)True
B)False
Q3) All politicians are crooked.How crooked do you feel your own representatives are? The major flaw in this item is that it
A)is biased.
B)is too short.
C)contains negative items.
D)is irrelevant.
E)is double-barreled
Q4) Once interviewers are trained,their work no longer requires supervision.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Qualitative Field Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Specific methods do not link to specific paradigms.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The questions we want to answer in our research determine the types of methods we need to use.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Deception is sometimes necessary in order to provide good qualitative field research.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A researcher who volunteers full time at a soup kitchen to gain a deeper understanding of the volunteers,as well as the people who frequent the kitchen is likely creating a(n):
A)structured interview.
B)unstructured interview.
C)ethnography.
D)case study.
E)questionnaire.
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Chapter 11: Unobtrusive Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Weber,an ideal type indicates the characteristics that the phenomena under study should strive to attain.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Fantanella did a content analysis of letters to the editor.She counted the number of times that the words "disagree" and "agree" appeared,but she also coded the underlying message of the letters as being positive or negative.Counting the number of times the two words appeared is known as coding the A)ideal types.
B)manifest content.
C)obvious meaning.
D)latent content.
E)words
Q3) Describe a study for which content analysis is the appropriate research method.Discuss how you would use manifest and latent coding.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the two coding schemes.
Q4) Unobtrusive research cannot be quantitative research.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Evaluation Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Gwen,an advocate of sexual reform knows (from research studies)that condoms can prevent sexual transmitted diseases as well as pregnancy.She decides to educate incoming freshman at her university about the advantages of using the condom through a short film depicting various characters.Some of the characters portray traditional mindsets (refusing to wear condoms); some portray the more liberal mindsets (proponents of condoms); and some of the characters are transitional characters who move from traditional to more liberal in their adoption of condom use.She plans on recording the rates of pregnancy/STDs for the incoming freshman at her university before and after the educational short film.She also plans on comparing her results with those of freshman at a different university with similar demographics who do not watch the educational short film.The use of the education short film is the A)social indicator.
B)social intervention.
C)social outcome.
D)response variable.
E)measurement.
Q2) Evaluation research,because it occurs within real life,has special problems.What are some of these problems?
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Chapter 13: Qualitative Data Analysis
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hendal conducted qualitative research to learn all of the factors that lead police officers to move into that career.Which one of the following did he perform?
A) case-oriented analysis.
B) cross-case analysis.
C) semiotics.
D) content analysis.
E) variable-oriented analysis.
Q2) The search for the intentional or unintentional meanings attached to signs is called semiotics.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Identify the two major ethical issues that are of special concern in the analysis and reporting of qualitative research.What steps can you,the researcher,take to rectify these problems? How are these ethical issues similar to,or different from,the analysis of quantitative research?
Q4) The utility of case-oriented analysis is the fact that one case can make theory.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Quantitative Data Analysis
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most frequent attribute,in either grouped or ungrouped data,is the A)mean.
B)median.
C)mode.
D)range.
E)marginal.
Q2) Marco wants to conduct a research study to determine if students living on campus feel more or less safe than those who live off campus.At the most basic level,he should use:
A)bivariate analysis.
B)univariate analysis.
C)interquartile range.
D)standard deviation.
E)evaluation analysis
Q3) Which of the following is a measure of dispersion?
A) mean.
B) median.
C) range.
D) mode.
E) none of these choices are correct.
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Chapter 15: The Logic of Multivariate Analysis
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Sample Questions
Q1) The elaboration model examines the impact of other variables on the:
A)frequency distribution of the dependent variable.
B)frequency distribution of the independent variable.
C)measure of central tendency.
D)relationship first observed.
E)the dependent variable
Q2) Forrester found a strong positive relationship between participation in high school extracurricular activities and community involvement as adults.He controlled for gender and got the same relationship between high school extracurricular activities and community involvement for both partial tables showing men and women.Which type of elaboration analysis is this?
A)replication
B)explanation
C)interpretation
D)specification
E)extension
Q3) A good researcher can always prove an hypothesis.
A)True
B)False
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Statistical Analyses
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Sample Questions
Q1) The null hypothesis states that
A)there is a strong relationship between the two variables in the total population.
B)there is a moderate relationship between the two variables in the total population.
C)there is a weak relationship between the two variables in the total population.
D)there is no relationship between the two variables in the total population.
E)you will not be able to find a relationship between the two variables in the total population.
Q2) In the case of r,errors are measured in terms of the sum of the squared differences between the actual value and the mean.This sum is called the
A)standard error.
B)sum or error.
C)standard deviation.
D)standard variation.
E)total variation.
Q3) Explain the assumptions underlying the use of tests of significance.Why is there a controversy over the use of these tests?
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18
Chapter 17: Reading and Writing Social Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) As an assignment for one of his classes in graduate school,Maron developed a brief set of conclusions regarding the students and their perspectives on a notable campus crime.What would be the most appropriate way to report this?
A) a research note.
B) an article.
C) a book.
D) a book review.
E) a working paper.
Q2) The website HYPERLINK "http://scholar.google.com/" http://scholar.google.com/ is a valid site for researching professional articles.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The date a website was accessed is an important part of an Internet citation. A)True B)False
Q4) What steps can you take to ensure that you write a good research report for your project?
Q5) What steps can you take as a researcher to utilize the Internet safely and wisely?
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