Research Design and Analysis
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Course Introduction
This course introduces students to the fundamental principles and practices of research design and analysis within the context of academic and professional inquiry. Students will explore various research methodologies, including qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods approaches, learning how to formulate research questions, develop hypotheses, and design studies that ensure reliability and validity. Emphasis is placed on the application of statistical tools and data analysis techniques to interpret results, as well as ethical considerations in conducting research. By the end of the course, students will be equipped with the skills to critically evaluate research literature and design robust research projects in their respective fields.
Recommended Textbook
Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences 4th Edition by Frederick J Gravetter
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Chapter 1: Introduction, Acquiring Knowledge, and the
Scientific Method
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Q1) Seeking answers by reading a chapter in a college textbook is an example of using the
A)method of empiricism.
B)rational method.
C)method of authority.
D)scientific method.
Answer: C
Q2) A researcher decides to copy a study exactly.This is referred to as A)empiricism.
B)replication.
C)control.
D)tenacity.
Answer: B
Q3) The method of tenacity is a nonscientific way of knowing.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: Research Ideas
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Q1) Which of the following would be a danger of relying upon a secondary source?
A)The author of the secondary source may describe or interpret research results incorrectly.
B)Secondary sources typically do not contain the details of methodology that are required for critical evaluation.
C)The author may describe results incorrectly and the source does not contain details of methodology.
D)There is no danger because you can rely on secondary sources for accurate information.
Answer: C
Q2) Describe two mistakes that are commonly made in choosing a research topic.
Answer: When selecting a research topic,common mistakes include: (1)selecting a topic that is not of interest,(2)selecting a topic that is too safe or easy,(3)selecting a topic that is too difficult,(4)selecting a topic that is too broad,(5)sticking with the first idea,and (6)selecting a topic with inadequate literature.
Q3) One goal of your background reading is to find an unanswered research question.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Defining and Measuring Variables
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Q1) Cues given to the participants about how they are expected to behave is the definition of
A)experimenter bias.
B)volunteer bias.
C)reactivity.
D)demand characteristics.
Answer: D
Q2) Which type of validity requires multiple research studies,usually conducted over a long period of time?
A)face
B)concurrent
C)predictive
D)construct
Answer: D
Q3) Using the amount of class participation as a definition of self-confidence is an example of an operational definition.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Ethics in Research
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Q1) The Nuremberg Code was developed
A)following war crime trials after World War II in the 1940s.
B)by the APA,following Milgram's obedience study in the 1960s.
C)by the U.S.Surgeon General,following medical experiments in the 1970s.
D)by the Department of Health,Education,and Welfare to regulate prescription medications in the 1980s.
Q2) Under which of the following circumstances is informed consent not necessary?
A)a drug study where participants receive experimental medication
B)a perceptual research where participants are asked to judge different colors
C)a public opinion research where participants complete anonymous questionnaires
D)none of the other options; informed consent is always required
Q3) Describe the common components of consent forms.
Q4) Which of the following is a concern for research ethics?
A)honesty and respect of all who participate in the study
B)honesty and respect of all affected by reports of the study's results
C)honesty and respect of all who participate in the study and all affected by reports of the study's results
D)morality
Q5) Describe the two basic categories of ethical responsibility that a researcher has.
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Chapter 5: Selecting Research Participants
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Sample Questions
Q1) A method for random sampling is
A)sampling with replacement.
B)sampling without replacement.
C)sampling with replacement and sampling without replacement.
D)Neither sampling with nor without replacement is a method of random sampling.
Q2) Stratified random sampling is used instead of simple random sampling when a researcher wants to ensure that the sample has specified characteristics.
A)True
B)False
Q3) It is always necessary to have at least 25-30 participants in a study.
A)True
B)False
Q4) If your primary concern is that the composition of your sample should accurately reflect the composition of the population,then you should use
A)parametric sampling.
B)cluster sampling.
C)stratified sampling.
D)proportionate stratified sampling.
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Chapter 6: Research Strategies and Validity
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Q1) What is a confounding variable? How does it affect the validity of your research study? Describe a research study that contains an example of a confounding variable.
Q2) Which research strategies produce similar data structures that use the same statistical analyses?
A)descriptive and correlational
B)correlational and experimental
C)correlational and nonexperimental
D)experimental,quasi-experimental,and nonexperimental
Q3) As the values for one variable decrease from one person to another,the values for a second variable also tend to decrease.This is an example of a __________ relationship.
A)positive
B)negative
C)curvilinear
D)These data show no consistent relationship.
Q4) The descriptive research strategy is the only strategy that is not concerned with relationships between variables.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: The Experimental Research Strategy
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Q1) In New York State,the winter months produce higher heating bills and higher levels of depression.Although the numbers show that higher heating bills are related to higher levels of depression,which of the following is the most likely explanation for this relationship?
A)cause and effect
B)the directionality problem
C)the third-variable problem
D)the extraneous variable problem
Q2) Holding a specific variable constant guarantees that the variable cannot be a confounding variable.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In order to establish an unambiguous cause-and-effect relationship between two variables,it is necessary to eliminate the possible influence of extraneous variables.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain why manipulation of an independent variable is a necessary component of an experiment.
Q5) Describe and differentiate the three methods to control extraneous variables.
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Chapter 8: Experimental Designs: Between-Subjects Design
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Q1) A between-subjects experiment comparing three treatments requires three separate groups of participants.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A between-subjects experiment with 25 scores in treatment I and 25 scores in treatment II must have a total of 25 participants in the experiment.
A)True
B)False
Q3) When _________ occurs in a between-subjects experiment,it is impossible to determine whether differences between groups are caused by the treatments or by participant characteristics.
A)fatigue
B)practice
C)assignment bias
D)resentful demoralization
Q4) Differential attrition can threaten the internal validity of a between-subjects experiment.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 9: Experimental Designs: Within-Subjects Design
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Q1) Random assignment is used to control order effects in a within-subjects experiment.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The goal of counterbalancing is to limit the possibility that order effects become a confounding variable.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Latin square is used to determine the order of treatments that will be used in a within-subjects experiment comparing 5 treatments labeled A,B,C,D,and E.How many groups of participants will receive treatment E as the first treatment?
A)0
B)1
C)5
D)cannot answer without more information
Q4) The effect of counterbalancing is to eliminate order effects.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe the limitations or problems that can occur with counterbalancing.
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Chapter 10: The Nonexperimental and Quasi-Experimental Strategies: Nonequivalent Group, Pre-Post, and Developmental Designs
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Q1) A researcher introduces a new mathematics program in one school district and uses a neighboring district as a no-treatment control group.Before the program begins,the students in both districts are given a standardized mathematics test.After the program is in place for 6 months,the students are tested again and the researcher compares the before and after scores for the two groups.This research study is classified as A)correlational.
B)experimental.
C)quasi-experimental.
D)nonexperimental.
Q2) A longitudinal developmental design is an example of the general category of A)nonequivalent group designs.
B)one-group pretest-posttest designs.
C)time-series designs.
D)interrupted time-series designs.
Q3) A research study that compared married men,divorced men,and single adult men is an example of the differential research design.
A)True
B)False
Page 12
Q4) Distinguish nonexperimental designs from quasi-experimental designs.
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Chapter 11: Factorial Designs
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Q1) The advantage of a two-factor design compared to two single-factor designs is the ability to
A)save time.
B)evaluate the interaction between the independent variables.
C)evaluate the main effects.
D)check the manipulation.
Q2) A factorial study that measures depression before and after treatment for a treatment group and a control group is an example of a _______.
A)between-subjects design
B)within-subjects design
C)repeated measures design
D)mixed design
Q3) A two-factor study compares two different treatment conditions (factor 1)for males and females (factor 2).In this study,the males have an average score of 20 in the first treatment and an average of 25 in the second.The females average 35 in the first treatment and 45 in the second.For this study,there is no interaction.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe two situations in which factorial designs are commonly used.
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Chapter 12: The Correlational Research Strategy
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Q1) Both correlational studies and differential research examine the relationship between two variables.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The coefficient of determination is computed by taking the square root of the correlation coefficient.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A researcher reports an inverse relationship between weight and exercise level for a group of 8-year-old children (greater weight is associated with less exercise).However,the researcher cannot be sure whether the extra weight is preventing the children from exercising or whether the lack of exercise is leading to greater weight.This is an example of
A)the third-variable problem.
B)the directionality problem.
C)the reversal problem.
D)the criterion problem.
Q4) Explain how the purpose of the correlational research strategy differs from the experimental research strategy.
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Chapter 13: Descriptive Research Strategy
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Sample Questions
Q1) A case study typically involves the detailed study of
A)a single disease or psychiatric disorder.
B)a single clinical treatment.
C)a single group such as a fraternity or an athletic team.
D)a single individual.
Q2) When researchers apply behavioral observation techniques to historical records in order to measure behaviors that occurred in the past,the measurement process is called
A)behavioral observation.
B)event sampling.
C)content analysis.
D)archival research.
Q3) Under what circumstances is a case study the preferred technique for gathering information.
Q4) Case studies are examples of research using the idiographic approach.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Behavioral observation is used in many different types of research.What is the specific characteristic that differentiates the observational research design from other research using behavioral observation?
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Chapter 14: Single-Subject Research Designs
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Q1) In a single-subject experimental design,if there is low variability from one observation to the next within a phase,the data are
A)stable.
B)unstable.
C)statistically significant.
D)visually significant.
Q2) In single-subject research,what is the definition of a phase change?
A)The point at which the subject begins to show a response to the treatment.
B)The point at which the treatment begins to lose effectiveness.
C)The point at which the treatment is switched from one subject to another.
D)A change from baseline to treatment or from treatment to baseline.
Q3) Discuss the general advantages and disadvantages of single-subject research compared to traditional group designs.
Q4) Averaging over two or three consecutive observations is one method for dealing with
A)trends in the data.
B)phase changes.
C)unstable data.
D)a treatment that has a relatively small effect.
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Chapter 15: Statistical Evaluation of Data
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Q1) For a research study comparing the average problem-solving ability for 5-year-old,6-year old,and 7-year-old boys,the appropriate hypothesis test is A)independent-measures t test.
B)repeated-measures t test.
C)single-factor analysis of variance.
D)chi-square test for independence.
Q2) Statistical methods that use sample data to answer general questions about a population are called A)parameters.
B)statistics.
C)descriptive statistics.
D)inferential statistics.
Q3) A negative correlation means that as the X values decrease,the Y values also tend to decrease.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Identify the two basic concerns with using a correlation to measure split-half reliability and explain how these concerns are addressed by Spearman-Brown,K-R 20,and Cronbach's alpha.
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Chapter 16: Writing a Research Report
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Q1) An introduction of a research report typically contains
A)a review of the literature.
B)the research question or problem.
C)the hypothesis.
D)the other three choices are all contained in the introduction of a research report.
Q2) Interpretation of the results of a study belongs in which section of an APA-style research report?
A)results
B)method
C)introduction
D)discussion
Q3) Where should figures be placed in a manuscript?
A)in an appropriate place in the text
B)at the end
C)at the beginning
D)on the page immediately following their location in the text
Q4) When reporting statistical significance of inferential statistics,what items should be included?
Q5) What is the purpose of a research report?
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