Reproductive Biology Final Exam
Course Introduction
Reproductive Biology explores the fundamental principles underlying the reproduction of living organisms, with a focus on human reproductive systems. The course examines the anatomy and physiology of male and female reproductive organs, gametogenesis, hormonal regulation, fertilization, embryonic development, and reproductive technologies. It also addresses the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in reproduction, infertility, contraception, and the impact of environmental and genetic factors on reproductive health. Through lectures and case studies, students gain a comprehensive understanding of the biological processes that govern reproduction and their implications in medicine and society.
Recommended Textbook
Human Embryology and Developmental Biology 5th Edition by Bruce M. Carlson
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18 Chapters
301 Verified Questions
301 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Getting Ready for Pregnancy
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10 Verified Questions
10 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a lawsuit,a woman contends that a congenital malformation of her child was due to her falling down on an icy sidewalk when she was in her eighth week of pregnancy (menstruation age).How many weeks after fertilization (fertilization age)was the embryo at the time of the fall?
A)4 weeks
B)6 weeks
C)8 weeks
D)10 weeks
E)12 weeks
Answer: B
Q2) After it leaves a seminiferous tubule of the testes,a spermatozoon that fertilizes an ovum spends the longest time in the ____________.
A)Epididymis
B)Ductus deferens
C)Seminal vesicle
D)Cervical crypt
E)Uterine tube
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Transport of Gametes and Fertilization
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Sample Questions
Q1) After a spermatozoon penetrates an ovum,its nucleus decondenses and protamines are lost from the chromosomes.The protamines will be replaced by ____________.
A)Phospholipids
B)Acrosin
C)Histones
D)Hyaluronic acid
E)None of the above
Answer: C
Q2) During the fertilization process,the acrosomal reaction plays its most important role in assisting the spermatozoon to penetrate the ____________.
A)Plasma membrane of the ovum
B)Corona radiata
C)Perivitelline space
D)Nuclear membrane of the ovum
E)Zona pellucida
Answer: E
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4
Chapter 3: Cleavage and Implantation
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the correct cell lineage leading to the formation of the syncytiotrophoblast?
A)Blastomere - inner cell mass - hypoblast - trophoblast - syncytiotrophoblast
B)Inner cell mass - epiblast - cytotrophoblast - syncytiotrophoblast
C)Blastomere - trophoblast - cytotrophoblast - syncytiotrophoblast
D)Blastomere - inner cell mass - epiblast - trophoblast - syncytiotrophoblast
E)Blastomere - epiblast - trophoblast - syncytiotrophoblast
Answer: C
Q2) Which component(s)of the cleaving embryo give(s)rise to tissues of the embryo itself?
A)Corona radiata
B)Trophoblast
C)Zona pellucida
D)Inner cell mass
E)All of the above
Answer: D
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5
Chapter 4: Molecular Basis for Embryonic Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which family of genes is most heavily involved in segmentation of the body?
A)Hedgehog
B)Pax
C)Transforming growth factor-
D)Fibroblast growth factor
E)Hox
Q2) Which of the following is/are properties of Hox genes?
A)Twelve paralogous groups
B)5 genes expressed in more anterior structures than 3 genes
C)Four clusters of Hox genes located on two chromosomes
D)Expressed in developing segmented structures
E)All of the above
Q3) Which molecule is most heavily involved in the process of lateral inhibition?
A)Sonic hedgehog
B)Sox-9
C)Notch
D)Transforming growth factor-
E)None of the above
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6
Chapter 5: Formation of Germ Layers and Early Derivatives
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Sample Questions
Q1) As embryonic mesodermal cells pass through the primitive streak,they find themselves in an extracellular environment that is rich in _____________.
A)Histones
B)Hyaluronic acid
C)Protamines
D)All of the above
E)None of the above
Q2) Which of the structures below will induce a secondary body axis if implanted in a host embryo?
A)Hensen's node
B)Hypoblast
C)Cytotrophoblast
D)Syncytiotrophoblast
E)Amnion
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7
Chapter 6: Establishment of the Basic Embryonic Body Plan
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Sample Questions
Q1) ?Which molecule is important in stimulating the formation of the head?
A)Activin
B)Nodal
C)Oct-3
D)Lim-1
E)Noggin
Q2) Which of the following is a morphological manifestation of the craniocaudal segmentation of the embryo?
A)Splanchnopleure
B)Wolffian (pronephric) duct
C)Neuromere
D)All of the above
E)None of the above
Q3) Sonic hedgehog,secreted by the notochord,induces the formation of the
A)Prechordal plate
B)Neural crest
C)Floor plate
D)Roof plate
E)Dorsal root ganglia
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Chapter 7: Placenta and Extraembryonic Membranes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which malformation can lead to polyhydramnios?
A)Meckel's diverticulum
B)Esophageal atresia
C)Persistent anal membrane
D)Omphalocele
E)Aganglionic megacolon
Q2) In the mature placenta,which fetal tissue directly interfaces with the maternal uterine connective tissue?
A)Cytotrophoblast
B)Syncytiotrophoblast
C)Extraembryonic mesoderm
D)Decidual cells
E)None of the above
Q3) Hydatidiform mole can be attributed to abnormal _______________.
A)Imprinting
B)Induction
C)X-chromosome inactivation
D)Regulation
E)None of the above
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Chapter 8: Developmental Disorders: Causes, mechanisms, and Patterns
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Sample Questions
Q1) Anencephaly is associated with a deficiency of ____________ in the maternal diet.
A)Vitamin A
B)Folic acid
C)Iodine
D)Insulin
E)Cortisone
Q2) Phocomelia results from exposure to which human teratogen?
A)Retinoic acid
B)Alcohol
C)Aminopterin
D)Thalidomide
E)X-irradiation
Q3) Administration of supplemental folic acid has markedly reduced the incidence of
A)Anencephaly
B)Down syndrome
C)Phocomelia
D)Cyclopia
E)Fetal alcohol syndrome
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Chapter 9: Integumentary, skeletal, and Muscular Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) A ________________ is a mononuclear cell committed to forming only skeletal muscle.
A)Myoblast
B)Mesenchymal cell
C)Myotube
D)Schwann cell
E)Melanocyte
Q2) New nuclei are added to a growing muscle fiber by______________.
A)Mitotic division of existing myonuclei
B)Incorporation of neural crest cells
C)Fusion of two muscle fibers
D)Nonmitotic division of existing myonuclei
E)Incorporation of satellite cells
Q3) The skeletal musculature of the limb arises from the _________________.
A)Somatopleure of the lateral plate mesoderm
B)Neural crest
C)Splanchnopleure of the lateral plate mesoderm
D)Neural tube
E)Somites
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Limb Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which molecule is involved in fixation of the dorsoventral axis of the limb bud?
A)Sonic hedgehog
B)Wnt-7a
C)Fibroblast growth factor-2
D)Hoxd-13
E)Retinoic acid
Q2) The apical ectodermal ridge forms at the boundary between regions expressing ________________.
A)Wnt-7a and En-1
B)Shh and Msx-1
C)Wnt-7a and Shh
D)En-1 and Msx-1
E)Wnt-7a and Msx-1
Q3) Which of the following limb defects can be predicted by observing an early limb bud possessing two apical ectodermal ridges?
A)Syndactyly
B)Radial hemimelia
C)Diplopodia
D)Phocomelia
E)None of the above
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Chapter 11: Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The floor plate of the spinal cord arises as the result of an induction by the
A)Notochord
B)Neural crest
C)Dorsal aorta
D)Dorsal part of somites
E)Overlying ectoderm
Q2) A molecule that repels the advance of a growth cone is called _______________.
A)Netrin
B)Acrosin
C)Cadherin
D)Semaphoring
E)Laminin
Q3) A growth cone would be most likely to respond specifically to _______________.
A)Hoxb-4
B)Sonic hedgehog
C)Wnt-7a
D)Semaphoring
E)Bone morphogenetic protein-4
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Chapter 12: Neural Crest
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Sample Questions
Q1) Neural crest from the trunk region contributes to all of the following structures except ______________________.
A)Sensory ganglia
B)Sympathetic ganglia
C)Melanocytes
D)Adrenal medulla
E)Cartilage
Q2) Which is derived from cranial,but not trunk,neural crest?
A)Sensory ganglia
B)Wall of aorta
C)Schwann cells
D)Pigment cells
E)Parasympathetic ganglia
Q3) Neural crest cells arise from the ______________.
A)Somite
B)Zone of polarizing activity
C)Neural tube
D)Splanchnic mesoderm
E)Yolk sac endoderm
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Sense Organs
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following associations is incorrect?
A)Diencephalon - neural retina
B)Optic cup - pigment layer of retina
C)Surface ectoderm - lens
D)Surface ectoderm - iris
E)Surface ectoderm - cornea
Q2) The sensory hair cells of the inner ear originate from the _________________.
A)Pinna
B)Otic placode
C)Neural crest
D)Pharyngeal arch
E)Prosencephalon
Q3) Which embryonic tissue contains mesoderm?
A)Oropharyngeal membrane
B)Tympanic membrane
C)Proctodeal membrane
D)Lens
E)None of the above
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15
Chapter 14: Head and Neck
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Sample Questions
Q1) An oblique facial cleft is due to incomplete fusion of the ____________.
A)Nasolateral process with maxillary process
B)Nasomedial process with mandibular process
C)Nasomedial process with nasolateral process
D)Nasomedial process with maxillary process
E)Nasolateral process with mandibular process
Q2) Dentin is secreted by cells derived from the ________________.
A)Ectoderm
B)Mesoderm
C)Endoderm
D)Neural crest
E)None of the above
Q3) Cyclopia,an extreme form of holoprosencephaly,is secondary to a major deficiency in the formation of the _______________.
A)Nasolateral process
B)Nasomedial process
C)Forebrain
D)Midbrain
E)Hindbrain
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Digestive and Respiratory Systems and Body
Cavities
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Sample Questions
Q1) Meckel's diverticulum is most commonly located in the _____________.
A)Ileum
B)Ascending colon
C)Jejunum
D)Transverse colon
E)Duodenum
Q2) The yolk stalk (duct)is most closely associated with which artery?
A)Celiac artery
B)Umbilical artery
C)Superior mesenteric artery
D)Aorta
E)Inferior mesenteric artery
Q3) Compression of a lung can occur in association with _________________.
A)Diaphragmatic hernia
B)Omphalocele
C)Volvulus
D)Tracheoesophageal fistula
E)Meckel's diverticulum
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Chapter 16: Urogenital System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Exstrophy of the bladder is often associated with ______________.
A)Hypospadias
B)Epispadias
C)Bicornuate uterus
D)Rectovaginal fistula
E)Urachal fistula
Q2) The metanephrogenic blastema is induced by the _______________.
A)Pronephric duct
B)Ureteric bud
C)Mesonephric tubules
D)Allantois
E)Mesonephric duct
Q3) ______________ stimulates outgrowth of the ureteric bud from the mesonephric duct.
A)Hoxc-8
B)Fibroblast growth factor-2
C)WT-1
D)Hoxd-9
E)None of the above
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Cardiovascular System
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Sample Questions
Q1) In an infant with tricuspid atresia,which of the accompanying secondary anomalies would also have to be present to be compatible with life?
A)Interventricular septal defect
B)Patent ductus arteriosus
C)Interventricular septal defect + patent ductus arteriosus
D)Interventricular septa defect + interatrial septal defect
E)Interventricular septal defect + persistent truncus arteriosus
Q2) The neural crest contributes to the structure of which of the following:
A)Truncus arteriosus
B)Ascending aorta
C)Pulmonary trunk
D)All of the above
E)None of the above
Q3) The myocardial primordium arises from the _____________.
A)Neural crest
B)Endoderm
C)Splanchnic mesoderm
D)Somatic mesoderm
E)Somitic mesoderm
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Page 19
Chapter 18: Fetal Period and Birth
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ligamentum teres is the postnatal remains of the ______________.
A)Ductus arteriosus
B)Ductus venosus
C)Umbilical vein
D)Umbilical artery
E)Urachus
Q2) Parturition most commonly occurs _______ weeks after fertilization.
A)34
B)36
C)38
D)40
E)42
Q3) The most highly oxygenated blood in the fetus is found in the ______________.
A)Dorsal aorta
B)Umbilical arteries
C)Umbilical vein
D)Pulmonary arteries
E)Pulmonary vein
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