Reproductive Biology Exam
Answer Key
Course Introduction
Reproductive Biology explores the fundamental principles and mechanisms underlying the biological processes of reproduction in both animals and humans. This course covers topics such as reproductive anatomy, physiology, endocrinology, gametogenesis, fertilization, embryonic development, reproductive cycles, and sexual differentiation. It delves into advanced concepts including the regulation of reproductive hormones, reproductive technologies, fertility, contraception, and reproductive health issues. Students will gain a comprehensive understanding of how reproductive systems function, the molecular and cellular basis of reproduction, and current research trends in reproductive biology.
Recommended Textbook
Human Embryology and Developmental Biology 5th Edition by Bruce M. Carlson
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18 Chapters
301 Verified Questions
301 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Getting Ready for Pregnancy
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10 Verified Questions
10 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is a major function of protamines in spermatogenesis?
A)They prevent autoimmune reactions against the spermatozoa.
B)They are instrumental in the formation of the acrosome.
C)They are associated with the membrane receptors for luteinizing hormone on the primary spermatocyte.
D)They displace nuclear histones and allow compaction of the nuclear chromatin.
E)They coat the maturing spermatozoa in the epididymis.
Answer: D
Q2) In a court case,a company was sued because a pregnant woman was exposed to chemical vapors one day and subsequently gave birth to an infant with a cleft lip/palate.The embryo was said to have had a menstrual age of 10 weeks at the time of exposure.What was the fertilization age of the embryo?
A)6 weeks
B)8 weeks
C)10 weeks
D)12 weeks
E)14 weeks
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Transport of Gametes and Fertilization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which molecule helps the spermatozoon penetrate the zona pellucida?
A)Hyaluronic acid
B)Acrosin
C)Alkaline phosphatase
D)Oct-3
E)Activin
Answer: B
Q2) The zona pellucida is directly involved in ____________.
A)Spontaneous abortions
B)Neural induction
C)Prevention of polyspermy
D)Identical twinning
E)Implantation
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Cleavage and Implantation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Successful implantation depends on:
A)Dissolution of the zona pellucida
B)Production of syncytiotrophoblast
C)Cell adhesion
D)All of the above
E)None of the above
Answer: D
Q2) Identical twinning is made possible by what embryonic process?
A)Induction
B)Paternal imprinting
C)X-chromosome inactivation
D)Regulation
E)Maternal imprinting
Answer: D
Q3) All of the following structures arise from the inner cell mass except:
A)Epiblast
B)Hypoblast
C)Cytotrophoblast
D)Parietal endoderm
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Molecular Basis for Embryonic Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not a family of growth factors?
A)Transforming growth factor
B)Wnt
C)Pax
D)Fibroblast growth factor
E)Hedgehog
Q2) Which molecule is most heavily involved in the process of lateral inhibition?
A)Sonic hedgehog
B)Sox-9
C)Notch
D)Transforming growth factor-
E)None of the above
Q3) Which Hox gene is expressed in the most anterior position in the embryonic body?
A)Hoxc-12
B)Hoxd-11
C)Hoxb-5
D)Hoxa-4
E)Hoxb-9
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6
Chapter 5: Formation of Germ Layers and Early Derivatives
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following tissues arise from cells passing through the primitive streak?
A)Embryonic endoderm
B)Hypoblast
C)Cytotrophoblast
D)Primary yolk sac
E)Amnion
Q2) The major organizing center of the gastrulating embryo is the ___________.
A)Inner cell mass
B)Primitive streak
C)Primitive node
D)Oropharyngeal membrane
E)Paraxial mesoderm
Q3) Which cell adhesion molecule(s)rely(ies)heavily on Ca++ for its function?
A)N-CAM
B)E-cadherin
C)Integrin
D)All of the above
E)None of the above
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7
Chapter 6: Establishment of the Basic Embryonic Body Plan
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Sample Questions
Q1) The major signaling molecules produced by the midbrain/hindbrain signaling center (isthmic organizer)are __________________.
A)Sonic hedgehog/Hoxa-1
B)Bone morphogenetic protein-4/En-1
C)Fibroblast growth factor-8/Wnt-1
D)Sonic hedgehog/En-1
E)Wnt-1/bone morphogenetic protein-4
Q2) Blood islands form from the _______________.
A)Splanchnic mesoderm of the yolk sac
B)Endocardial tube
C)Yolk sac endoderm
D)Splanchnic mesoderm of the foregut
E)Cardiogenic mesoderm
Q3) Sonic hedgehog,secreted by the notochord,induces the formation of the
A)Prechordal plate
B)Neural crest
C)Floor plate
D)Roof plate
E)Dorsal root ganglia
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Chapter 7: Placenta and Extraembryonic Membranes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Blood vessels associated with which structure enter the fetal component of the placenta?
A)Allantois
B)Decidua basalis
C)Amnion
D)Yolk sac
E)Decidua parietalis
Q2) The formation of hydatidiform moles is related to a disturbance in ____________.
A)Parental imprinting
B)X-chromosome inactivation
C)Induction
D)Cell migration
E)Hox gene expression
Q3) In the mature placenta,which fetal tissue directly interfaces with the maternal uterine connective tissue?
A)Cytotrophoblast
B)Syncytiotrophoblast
C)Extraembryonic mesoderm
D)Decidual cells
E)None of the above
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Chapter 8: Developmental Disorders: Causes, mechanisms, and Patterns
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Sample Questions
Q1) What percentage of congenital malformations is due to unknown causes?
A)5%
B)10%
C)25%
D)50%
E)75%
Q2) Which of the following is responsible for the largest percentage of congenital malformations?
A)Maternal infections
B)Chemical teratogens
C)Genetically based conditions
D)Ionizing radiations
E)Unknown factors
Q3) Administration of supplemental folic acid has markedly reduced the incidence of _______________.
A)Anencephaly
B)Down syndrome
C)Phocomelia
D)Cyclopia
E)Fetal alcohol syndrome
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Chapter 9: Integumentary, skeletal, and Muscular Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) New nuclei are added to a growing muscle fiber by______________.
A)Mitotic division of existing myonuclei
B)Incorporation of neural crest cells
C)Fusion of two muscle fibers
D)Nonmitotic division of existing myonuclei
E)Incorporation of satellite cells
Q2) Which characteristic does not apply to the cellular precursors of limb muscles?
A)Located in the lateral half of the somite
B)Migration and differentiation are little influenced by axial structures
C)Express myogenic determination factors within the somite
D)Migrate into the limb bud before differentiating
E)None of the above
Q3) A ________________ is a mononuclear cell committed to forming only skeletal muscle.
A)Myoblast
B)Mesenchymal cell
C)Myotube
D)Schwann cell
E)Melanocyte
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Chapter 10: Limb Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following associations of tissues contributing to the limb is incorrect?
A)Somite - myoblasts
B)Neural crest - pigment cells
C)Neural tube - motor axons
D)Splanchnopleure of the lateral plate - skeleton
E)Neural crest - sensory axons and Schwann cells
Q2) A mutation of Hoxa-13 is characterized by ______________.
A)Diplopia
B)Shortened phalanges
C)Syndactyly
D)Triphalangeal thumb
E)Amelia
Q3) Syndactyly is due to abnormal patterns of _______________.
A)Cell death
B)Hox gene expression
C)Sonic hedgehog signaling
D)Myoblast migration from the somites
E)Fibroblast growth factors-2, -4, and -8 signaling from the apical ectodermal ridge
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Chapter 11: Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The cell bodies of the motor neurons of a spinal nerve arise from the
A)Basal plate
B)Marginal zone
C)Floor plate
D)Roof plate
E)Alar plate
Q2) ?The alar plate is most closely associated with which function of the central nervous system?
A)Motor
B)Sympathetic
C)Sensory
D)Parasympathetic
E)None of the above
Q3) The bulge in a myelomeningocele contains the ___________________.
A)Spinal cord
B)Arachnoid layer
C)Subarachnoid space
D)All of the above
E)None of the above
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Chapter 12: Neural Crest
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following conditions is most closely associated with a disturbance of neural crest?
A)Anal atresia
B)Meckel's diverticulum
C)Omphalocele
D)Volvulus
E)Aganglionic megacolon
Q2) A newborn exhibits multiple congenital defects including a cleft palate,deafness,ocular hypertelorism,and a white forelock but otherwise dark hair on his head.The probable diagnosis is ________________________:
A)von Recklinghausen's disease
B)Hirschsprung's disease
C)Klinefelter syndrome
D)Arnold-Chiari malformation
E)Waardenburg syndrome
Q3) Which of the following might be associated with von Recklinghausen's disease?
A)Café au lait spots
B)Neurofibromas
C)Gigantism of the limb
D)All of the above
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Chapter 13: Sense Organs
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Sample Questions
Q1) The epithelial lining of the middle ear cavity and auditory tube arises from the ________________.
A)Pharyngeal endoderm
B)Neural crest
C)Otic placode
D)Paraxial mesoderm
E)Otocyst
Q2) Which embryonic tissue contains mesoderm?
A)Oropharyngeal membrane
B)Tympanic membrane
C)Proctodeal membrane
D)Lens
E)None of the above
Q3) The development of corneal transparency by removal of water from the secondary stroma is mediated by ____________.
A)Thyroxine
B)Catecholamines
C)Fibroblast growth factor
D)Nerve growth factor
E)Crystallins
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Chapter 14: Head and Neck
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Sample Questions
Q1) A patient reports a painful swelling located between the angle of the jaw and the sternocleidomastoid muscle.Her physician determines that the pathology is congenital in origin.What is the most likely problem?
A)Persistence of the thyroglossal duct
B)Persistence of the third pharyngeal pouch
C)DiGeorge's syndrome
D)Hypertelorism
E)None of the above
Q2) Cleft lip results from a lack of fusion of the _______________.
A)Nasomedial and nasolateral processes
B)Nasomedial and maxillary processes
C)Nasolateral and maxillary processes
D)Nasolateral and mandibular processes
E)Nasomedial and mandibular processes
Q3) The second pharyngeal arch contributes to the ________________.
A)Cochlea, ear lobe
B)Auditory tube, incus
C)Stapes, ear lobe
D)Auditory tube, stapes
E)Otic vesicle, stapes
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Chapter 15: Digestive and Respiratory Systems and Body
Cavities
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ventral part of the diaphragm is derived principally from the ____________.
A)Mesentery
B)Pleuroperitoneal folds
C)Septum transversum
D)Body wall
E)None of the above
Q2) A newborn infant chokes and is unable to retain milk during its first attempt to breast-feed.This is most likely due to (a)____________________.
A)Thyroglossal cyst
B)Duodenal atresia
C)Tracheoesophageal fistula
D)Lateral cervical cyst
E)Pyloric stenosis
Q3) The notochord induces the _________________.
A)Hepatic diverticulum
B)Dorsal pancreatic primordium
C)Ventral pancreatic primordium
D)Respiratory diverticulum
E)None of the above
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Urogenital System
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Sample Questions
Q1) In development of the male reproductive system,the SRY gene product acts directly on the _______________.
A)Mesonephric (wolffian) ducts
B)Paramesonephric (müllerian) ducts
C)Undifferentiated gonad
D)Seminal vesicle
E)Genital tubercle
Q2) Which of the following defects is strongly associated with oligohydramnios?
A)Pelvic kidney
B)Renal agenesis
C)Horseshoe kidney
D)Crossed ectopia
E)Polycystic kidney
Q3) The ureteric bud grows out from the mesonephric duct in response to the secretion of _____________ by the metanephric blastema.
A)Sonic hedgehog
B)En-1
C)Pax-6
D)Glial cellline-derived neurotrophic factor
E)Müllerian-inhibiting substance
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Chapter 17: Cardiovascular System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which defect can be related to the neural crest?
A)Patent ductus arteriosus
B)Persistent truncus arteriosus
C)Atrial septal defect
D)Anomalous pulmonary return
E)None of the above
Q2) Embryonic hematopoiesis takes place in all of the organs except the ______________.
A)Liver
B)Yolk sac
C)Bone marrow
D)Placenta
E)All of the above are correct
Q3) The vitelline veins form what structure in the adult?
A)Ductus venosus
B)Portal vein
C)Ligamentum teres
D)Coronary sinus
E)None of the above
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Chapter 18: Fetal Period and Birth
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Sample Questions
Q1) Insufficient production of ________________ is the most common cause of reduced survival in infants born 8 weeks prematurely.
A)Testosterone
B)Meconium
C)Urine
D)Insulin
E)Pulmonary surfactant
Q2) Parturition most commonly occurs _______ weeks after fertilization.
A)34
B)36
C)38
D)40
E)42
Q3) Meconium is formed in the fetal __________.
A)Liver
B)Ileum
C)Lungs
D)Amniotic fluid
E)Kidneys
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