Renaissance to Modern Art
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
This course explores the sweeping developments in Western art from the Renaissance through to the modern era, examining key movements, artists, and works that shaped art history from the 15th to the 20th centuries. Students will analyze transformations in style, technique, and subject matter, considering the impact of historical contexts such as humanism, revolutions, industrialization, and global exchange. The course emphasizes critical visual analysis and the ability to place artworks in cultural, philosophical, and social frameworks, tracing how the foundations laid by Renaissance masters evolved through Baroque grandeur, Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism, and the experimental approaches that define modern art.
Recommended Textbook Jansons Basic History of Western Art 9th Edition by Penelope J.E. Davies
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Prehistoric Art
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the Neolithic period, concerns about ceremonial burial and ritual inspired monumental architecture.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Cromlechs are:
A) upright rough-hewn stones composed in circles
B) found in the deepest recesses of caves
C) prehistoric monuments found only in the British Isles
D) markers of the summer solstice
Answer: A
Q3) Dolmens are:
A) upright rough-hewn stones
B) tombs, originally underground, with several large upright stones supporting a single massive capstone
C) prehistoric monuments found only in the British Isles
D) markers of the solstice
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Ancient Near Eastern Art
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Sample Questions
Q1) The world's largest language group (or linguistic family) is:
A) Indo-European
B) Semitic
C) Chinese
D) Sumerian
Answer: A
Q2) Sumerian palaces were called ziggurats.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) The Law Code of Hammurabi:
A) Survives as one of the earliest written bodies of law
B) Was concerned with crime law only, and not domestic law
C) Did not describe penalties for breaking laws
D) Could not be enforced
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Egyptian Art
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Sample Questions
Q1) Tutankhamun carried on the religious devotions of his predecessor Akhenaten.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) What is the gateway of an Egyptian temple that leads to a series of pillared halls or courts called?
A) lintel
B) pylon
C) atrium
D) facade
Answer: B
Q3) The Egyptian figural canon:
A) determined the ideal proportions of a human figure.
B) was the same for all members of Egyptian society.
C) dictated that all males should be represented as youthful.
D) forbade the depiction of women.
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Aegean Art
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Treasury of Atreus was constructed with:
A) post and lintel
B) corbelling
C) a Cyclopean lintel with heraldic imagery in carved relief above the doorway
D) hypostyle halls
Q2) The Treasury of Atreus was a:
A) tomb
B) bank
C) civic building
D) temple
Q3) The Minoan architecture that the legend of the Minotaur and the Labyrinth is believed to be based upon was a:
A) fortress
B) temple
C) palace
D) tomb
Q4) Describe the subject matter and style of fresco paintings found on Minoan Crete.
Q5) The so-called "Treasury of Atreus" was originally a Mycenaean royal residence.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Greek Art
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following depicts a building as if it were sliced horizontally about three feet about the ground?
A) Ground plan
B) Elevation
C) Section
D) Stereobate
Q2) What style is black-figure ceramics?
A) Orientalizing
B) Archaic
C) Classical
D) Hellenistic
Q3) Examine the frieze of the Pergamon Altar. In comparison to the relief figures on the frieze of the Athenian Parthenon, which figures seem composed and serene, and which show violence and passion? Compare these in terms of themes, technique and style.
Q4) What are the characteristic differences between the three primary classical orders? Be sure to include friezes and capitals in your discussion.
Q5) What does Greek temple architecture have in common with Egyptian temples and how does it differ?
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Chapter 6: Etruscan Art
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Sample Questions
Q1) When were the Etruscans at the peak of their power?
A) 8th-7th centuries BCE
B) 7th-6th centuries BCE
C) 6th-5th centuries BCE
D) 5th-4th centuries BCE
Q2) What material was used to make the Chimaira sculpture?
A) carved marble
B) carved granite
C) terracotta
D) cast bronze
Q3) Where is the wall painting that shows hunting and fishing located?
A) In a temple
B) In a palace
C) In a tomb
D) In a fortress
Q4) The Etruscans were sailors and merchants who traveled throughout the Mediterranean.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Compare and contrast Roman and Etruscan architecture.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Roman Art
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Q1) The Column of Trajan was an isolated monument, independent of any of the Roman imperial fora in Rome.
A)True
B)False
Q2) How did the scope of the Roman architectural needs differ from that of the Greeks?
Q3) Which of the following sculptures was done on a colossal scale?
A) Augustus of Primaporta
B) Constantine the Great
C) Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius
D) Philippus the Arab
Q4) The choice of which material in the Portrait Group of Tetrarchs speaks to imperial power?
A) Porphyry
B) Marble
C) Lapis lazuli
D) Gold
Q5) Discuss different forms of illusion found in Roman murals.
Q6) What was Greece's impact on Roman sculpture? What forms of Roman sculpture were uniquely Roman?
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Jewish, Early Christian, and Byzantine Art
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Q1) Most typically, how were the exterior of Early Christian churches designed?
A) Covered with mosaic decoration
B) Covered with three-dimensional sculpture
C) Had frescoes
D) They were left plain
Q2) Which is one of the most impressive Christian structures to have survived from the period of early Christianity?
A) Santa Maria Maggiore
B) Old St. Peter's
C) Dura-Europos Synagogue
D) The Pantheon
Q3) Compare basilica-plan with central-plan churches. Cite examples of each.
Q4) What classical architecture influenced the Early Christian basilica and how did it evolve?
Q5) What is the origin of the word "Bible"?
A) the Greek word for "books"
B) the Latin word or "drink"
C) the Italian word for "word"
D) the Hebrew work for "God"
Q6) Explain the iconoclastic controversy. Why were abstract symbols widely used?
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Islamic Art
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Sample Questions
Q1) Islamic art gives us an intriguing look at the process whereby artistic tradition emerges as a combination of existing ideas under the impetus of a new ideology. This phenomenon is known as:
A) Syncretism
B) Appropriation
C) Iconoclasm
D) Revitalization
Q2) What ornamental style is typified by energetic compositions of curved leaves and flowers linked by vines, and often embellished by animals?
A) Ottoman court style
B) Al Andalus style
C) Persian royal style
D) Arab style
Q3) How does holy script become an art form in Islamic art and architecture?
Q4) The Islamic religion is unique among ancient religions in not being based on a book and the word.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Early Medieval Art
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Sample Questions
Q1) What does Hibernian mean?
A) German
B) French
C) English
D) Irish
Q2) Unlike their Carolingian predecessors, the Ottonians did not aspire to restore the building and institutional programs of Christian Rome.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Ottonian manuscripts and ivories:
A) blend Carolingian and Byzantine elements
B) incorporate Greco-Roman illusionism
C) show no interest in narrative
D) do not convey messages of imperial power
Q4) The Gero Crucifix is distinct from Byzantine images of the Crucifixion in showing a compassionate view of Christ on the cross.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe the influences and design of the Palace Chapel of Charlemagne.
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Chapter 11: Romanesque Art
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Sample Questions
Q1) The use of which medium characterizes many Romanesque manuscripts?
A) tempera on vellum
B) oil on canvas
C) fresco on paper
D) oil on papyrus
Q2) Romanesque means in the Roman manner.
A)True
B)False
Q3) There are no known woman artists and patrons from the Romanesque period.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is a pilgrimage church? How and why did they develop?
Q5) What were the Crusades? What impact did they have on European art and architecture?
Q6) On what part of Romanesque churches were scenes of the Last Judgment were commonly carved?
A) tympanum
B) nave
C) clerestory
D) triforium
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Gothic Art
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which material was key to the stained glass process, both for firing furnaces and kilns and for making potash?
A) Wood
B) Clay
C) Basalt
D) Copper
Q2) How is stained glass produced and what visual qualities does it bring to the interior of Gothic structures?
Q3) What features are characteristic of Gothic architecture? How did aspects of medieval structural engineering contribute to the form and visual qualities of Gothic cathedrals?
Q4) With what are the sections of stained glass windows are held together?
A) pressure
B) tracery
C) mortar
D) strips of lead
Q5) Gothic architecture spreads from France to England and Germany, among other areas.
A)True
B)False
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Art in Thirteenth- and Fourteenth-Century Italy
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Sample Questions
Q1) What kind of church is Santa Croce in Florence?
A) Dominican
B) civic
C) Augustian
D) Franciscan
Q2) The Christian altar traditionally is a narrow stone "table" that contains bone fragments of a martyr within it.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is significant about Giotto's style of painting in terms of style and narrative emphases?
Q4) What influence did the mendicant religious orders exert on the development of art in thirteenth and fourteenth century in Italy?
Q5) What kind of painting was generally used for painting on walls?
A) Fresco
B) Tempera
C) Oil
D) Watercolor
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Chapter 14: Artistic Innovations in Fifteenth-Century
Northern Europe
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the meaning of each of the three panels of Bosch's Garden of Delights. Include discussion of symbolism in your answer. What seems to be suggested in this work about humankind's potential?
Q2) How were the Virgin Mary, Joseph and the Angel Gabriel depicted in the Mérode Triptych?
A) in the Holy Lands in Biblical times
B) in ancient Rome
C) in ancient Greece
D) in a fifteenth-century Flemish household
Q3) Hugo van der Goes's Portinari Altarpiece demonstrates the international character of the businessmen of Florence because its patron was from:
A) Italy
B) Germany
C) France
D) Holland
Q4) Describe both the appearance and likely meaning of Robert Campin's Mérode Triptych. Discuss both the obvious imagery and meaning as well as the use of disguised symbolism in your answer.
Q5) What are the artistic and social implications of printmaking?
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Chapter 15: The Early Renaissance in Fifteenth-Century Italy
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Q1) Antonello da Messina, a painter from southern Italy, may have learned about oil painting in Flanders and passed that knowledge on to Venetian artists.
Q2) What were the social conditions that encouraged the development of the Renaissance in fifteenth century Florence?
Q3) For what building were the Gates of Paradise made?
A) the Florence Cathedral
B) the Brancacci Chapel
C) S. Lorenzo
D) The Florence Baptistery
Q4) There was no single political entity called Italy in the fifteenth century.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss innovations seen in the works of Masaccio.
Q6) How does Ghiberti create the illusion of spatial depth in his panels? Where are the panels located? What material was used to make the doors?
Q7) How are aspects of the Florentine Renaissance reflected in Donatello's St. Mark?
Q8) Why was the design of a dome for the Florence Cathedral a challenge? What was innovative about Brunelleschi's solution?
Page 17
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Chapter 16: The High Renaissance in Italy, 1495-1520
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Q1) Discuss Michelangelo's major works in sculpture and painting. What was his primary focus with regard to subject matter and what were his primary influences?
Q2) The nine main scenes of Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel ceiling represent scenes from which Biblical book?
A) Genesis
B) Revelations
C) Exodus
D) Deuteronomy
Q3) Who is thought to be the patron of Leonardo's Mona Lisa?
A) The sitter's husband
B) Pope Julius II
C) The sitter herself
D) The duke of Urbino
Q4) Titian painted his famous image of a reclining figure of Venus for which patron?
A) Duke Cosimo de' Medici
B) Pope Paul III
C) Lorenzo de' Medici
D) Duke Guidobaldo II della Rovere of Urbino
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Chapter 17: The Late Renaissance and Mannerism in
Sixteenth-Century Italy
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Q1) Which artist's work shows elongated figures, harsh colors, jarring proportions and irregular scale?
A) Bronzino
B) Veronese
C) Giulio Romano
D) All of the above
Q2) Explain the various characteristics of Mannerist art using three key examples. In what ways did Mannerist art develop from High Renaissance art and in what ways is Mannerist art new?
Q3) Sofonisba Anguissola, a female painter, most likely learned to paint from her artist father.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which American referred to Palladio's The Four Books of Architecture as "the Bible"?
A) Thomas Jefferson
B) Benjamin Franklin
C) John Adams
D) Andrew Jackson
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Q5) What events are believed to have contributed to the end to the High Renaissance?
Chapter 18: Renaissance and Reformation Throughout
Sixteenth-Century Europe
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Q1) Holbein is well-known for his:
A) portraiture
B) landscape
C) frescoes
D) genre scenes
Q2) What impact did the development of graphic arts have on the arts and the ownership and viewing of works of art in the North?
Q3) What social group did Bruegel often paint?
A) Peasants
B) Religious leaders
C) Biblical characters
D) Aristocrats
Q4) Who affixed his Ninety-Five Theses to the church door at Wittenberg Castle?
A) Martin Luther
B) Lucas Cranach
C) Hans Holbein
D) Matthias Grünewald
Q5) Some of the still-life paintings of Pieter Aertsen carry moralizing messages.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 19: The Baroque in Italy and Spain
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Q1) Who is known for using light very dramatically with extremes of light and dark?
A) Carracci
B) Caravaggio
C) Reni
D) Cortona
Q2) Bernini's architecture and sculpture in the Cornaro Chapel were inspired by the writings of
A) St. Teresa of Ávila
B) St. Ignatius of Loyola
C) Giorgio Vasari
D) Andrea Palladio
Q3) Artemisia Gentileschi was a female painter who worked in the tradition of which artist?
A) Carvaggio
B) Carracci
C) Velázquez
D) Murillo
Q4) Compare Bernini's David to Michelangelo's David. How do you account for the similarities and differences between these two works?
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Chapter 20: The Baroque in the Netherlands
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Q1) Compare and contrast Judith Leyster's Self-Portrait and Frans Hals's Malle Babbe. What characteristics suggest that these are contemporary works by artists with similar interests? How do the subjects of these works differ?
Q2) Van Dyck was court painter to:
A) Charles I of England
B) Charles I of Spain
C) Charles II of Spain
D) Charles V of Germany
Q3) Describe Rubens' patrons, his range of subject matter, and his manner of working.
Q4) In the seventeenth century there was a division of the Netherlands into two parts: the Northern Netherlands and the Southern Netherlands.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What does a comparison of Rembrandt's The Night Watch and Vermeer's Woman
Holding a Balance tell us about Dutch society in the 17th century?
Q6) What was the official religion for Flanders and Holland? How did religion have an impact on the arts of each region?
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Chapter 21: The Baroque in France and England
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Q1) Bernini was invited to France to propose a design for what building?
A) St. Paul's
B) Versailles
C) Louvre
D) St. Peter's
Q2) Which French painter specialized in candlelit night scenes and simplified all forms to near geometric abstraction?
A) Poussin
B) La Tour
C) Claude Lorraine
D) Vouet
Q3) Absolutism emerged in Europe near the end of the fifteenth century and is most clearly embodied by the reign of Louis XIV of France.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What was the function of the Royal Academy and how did it exert an impact on French artists?
Q5) What and who were the influences on the design of the Louvre? The design was based on what style of architecture?
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Chapter 22: The Rococo
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Q1) What information about eighteenth-century Venice is communicated by Canaletto's The Bucintoro at the Molo? How much of this information is likely to be actual and how much contrived, and for what purposes?
Q2) "Rococo" was taken from the French word rocaille (meaning "pebble") and the Portuguese barrocco (meaning "baroque").
A)True
B)False
Q3) The Rococo style was successfully used for the interior design of French hotels.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The Rococo style was popular throughout Europe.
A)True
B)False
Q5) With whom are the vedute associated?
A) Canaletto
B) Tiepolo
C) Fischer von Erlach
D) Boucher
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Chapter 23: Art in the Age of the Enlightenment, 1750-1789
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Q1) Though an accomplished Neoclassical painter, Angelica Kauffmann was not permitted to join the Royal Academy because she was a woman.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which French sculptor best exemplifies Enlightenment empiricism?
A) Houdon
B) Rodin
C) Greuze
D) Clodion
Q3) Interest in classical antiquity was influenced by what archaeological discoveries? How did this have an impact on the arts? How did writers and philosophers of the time influence French Neoclassicism?
Q4) Compare Rococo and Neoclassicism in terms of subject matter, style, and purpose.
Q5) This sculptor is often described as the portraitist of the Enlightenment:
A) David
B) Greuze
C) Houdon
D) Soufflot
Q6) Discuss David's Oath of the Horatii as a political work of art.
Page 25
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Chapter 24: Art in the Age of the Romanticism, 1789-1848
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Q1) Eugène Delacroix's Scenes from the Massacre at Chios expresses support for Greek independence as well as the Romantic passion for democracy and individual freedom.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Houses of Parliament by Sir Charles Barry and Gothic
A)W.N. Pugin is an example of which revival in architecture?
B) Classical
C) Eclectic
D) Oriental
Q3) Who is best known for his peaceful English countryside scenes, often making oil sketches outdoors?
A) Daumier
B) Turner
C) Blake
D) Constable
Q4) Compare Goya's attitude toward war to that of David's. How did each feel about Napoleon and employ his art either to support or criticize the Napoleonic regime?
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Chapter 25: The Age of Positivism
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Q1) What was revolutionary about Courbet's subject matter?
A) Voluptuous nudes were considered offensive
B) Women and children were not an accepted category of the French Academy
C) Working-class life was proudly painted on an epic scale
D) The same subject was painted repeatedly
Q2) Impressionist paintings that were produced outdoors, and not in the studio are called :
A) plein air paintings
B) fresh air pictures
C) al fresco paintings
D) au naturel paintings
Q3) Select one major political, social, or cultural change of the mid nineteenth century and discuss its impact on or reflection in a work of art.
Q4) Mary Cassatt, an artist from England, exhibited with Monet and the other Impressionists.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss the various ways in which artists employed the new medium of photography in the nineteenth century.
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Chapter 26: Progress
and Its Discontents:
Post-Impressionism, Symbolism, and Art Nouveau, 1880-1905
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Q1) The neurologist who formulated theories of the unconscious, publishing his Interpretation of Dreams in 1900 was
A) Sigmund Freud
B) Karl Jung
C) André Breton
D) Jean Piaget
Q2) International Pictorialists like Gertrude Käsebier and Edward Steichen took their lead from earlier Pictorialist photographers in creating clear, sharply-focused images.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Gustave Moreau was an important Symbolist painter who illustrated Oscar Wilde's French play Salomé.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What group of Paris artists immersed themselves in religion to flee modernity?
A) The Nabis
B) The impressionists
C) The Pre-Raphaelites
D) The pointillists
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Chapter 27: Toward Abstraction: the Modernist Revolution, 1905-1914
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Q1) Two groups of German Expressionist artists were Die Brücke and:
A) Der Blaue Reiter
B) Die Rote Blume
C) Das Grüne Blatt
D) Die Gelbe Sonne
Q2) Bruno Taut's Glass Pavilion reflects the architect's:
A) Belief in the mystical properties of crystal
B) Support of iron frame construction
C) Interest in nature
D) Participation in the Prairie Architecture movement
Q3) Describe Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer's Fagus Factory and Bruno Taut's Glass Pavilion, then discuss the different architectural forms and emphases of these two architects.
Q4) Describe and discuss the differences between analytic and synthetic cubism.
Q5) Discuss how Picasso's Les Demoiselles d'Avignon both reflects and shatters artistic tradition. Be sure to include references to specific works of art in your answer.
Q6) Pablo Picasso worked only in as a painter of two-dimensional works of art.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 28: Art Between the Wars
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Q1) Jacob Lawrence is an artist who is most associated with the:
A) Cubist movement
B) Harlem Renaissance
C) Surrealism
D) Regionalism
Q2) Dada evolved into Surrealism.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The Bauhaus design principle that embraced the modern, manufactured appearance is known as:
A) The Machine aesthetic
B) Assembly line art
C) Sweat shop painting
D) The Factory
Q4) Dada was a movement that was substantially produced by the experience of:
A) Freud's theories
B) World War I
C) The Italian Futurists
D) The Great Depression
Q5) How did the New Deal have an impact on documentary photography?
Page 30
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Chapter 29: Postwar to Postmodern, 1945-1980
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Q1) What makes Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson's Seagram Building an important work of modern architecture?
Q2) Describe the similarities and differences between the two variants of Abstract Expressionism: Action Painting and Color-Field Painting.
Q3) Which Pop artist satirized middle-class values?
A) Lange
B) Lichtenstein
C) Kelly
D) Stella
Q4) Who, with a background in commercial art, made art of pop culture, often silk-screening multiples of the same image in one work?
A) de Kooning
B) Pollock
C) Rothko
D) Warhol
Q5) What impact did World War II have on American art?
Q6) What was innovative about Rauschenberg's assemblages? How do they relate to the painting of the same period?
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Chapter 30: The Postmodern Era: Art Since 1980
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Sample Questions
Q1) Anselm Kiefer evokes aspects of the history Germany in his paintings.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which photographer is interested in revealing a viewer's participation in determining meaning in her works?
A) Cindy Sherman
B) Margaret Cameron
C) Dorothea Lange
D) Margaret Bourke-White
Q3) Who designs very sculptural architecture with organic, free-flowing forms?
A) Mies van der Rohe
B) Graves
C) Gehry
D) Sherman
Q4) Whose work often incorporates explosives, especially fireworks?
A) Gehry
B) Cai
C) Puryear
D) Smith
Q5) What are the influences in Gehry's Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao?
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