Renaissance and Reformation Europe
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Course Introduction
This course explores the profound transformations that swept Europe from the late Middle Ages through the early modern period, focusing on the Renaissance and the Reformation. Students will examine the revival of classical learning, the artistic and intellectual achievements of figures such as Leonardo da Vinci and Erasmus, and the profound religious upheavals brought about by reformers like Martin Luther and John Calvin. The course will also consider the social, political, and economic contexts that shaped these movements, as well as their lasting impact on European society and the wider world.
Recommended Textbook
Making Europe The Story of the West 2nd Edition by
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Page 2
Frank L. Kidner
Chapter 1: The Origins of Western Civilization in the Ancient
Near East,3000-1200 BCE
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Q1) Stone Age art devoted to fertility rituals indicate that,in some cases,society may have been
A) organized around gender division of labor.
B) patriarchal.
C) matriarchal.
D) promiscuous.
E) monogamous.
Answer: C
Q2) The gods in Sumeria were characterized by A) numeric rank.
B) nature elements.
C) alphabetical order.
D) both numeric rank and nature elements.
E) none of these.
Answer: D
Q3) Mycenaeans were better defended than Minoans.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 3
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Q1) The Philistines were primarily
A) soldiers.
B) merchants.
C) artisans.
D) farmers.
E) fishermen.
Answer: D
Q2) The first Iron Age empire was built in which region?
A) Israel
B) Phoenicia
C) Assyria
D) Egypt
E) None of these
Answer: C
Q3) Because the Arameans had a monopoly on overland trade,their language replaced Akkadian as the most common language in the Near East.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: The Rise of Greek Civilization,1100-387 BCE
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Q1) Homer's accounts of the Trojan War provide us with a detailed history of life during the Greek Dark Ages.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Tyrants were most likely to establish rule in which areas of Greece?
A) A small polis with limited economic opportunities.
B) A militarily weak state in fear of Sparta.
C) Big commercial cities.
D) Regions with high numbers of helots.
E) Cities that had no general assemblies.
Answer: C
Q3) The alliance that allowed Athens to turn itself into an empire was called
A) the Peloponnesian League.
B) the League of Corinth.
C) the Delian League.
D) the League of Victors.
E) None of these.
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: From Polis To Cosmopolis: The Hellenistic
World,387-30 BCE
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Q1) The next area Alexander reportedly wanted to conquer was A) India.
B) Rome.
C) Arabia.
D) Russia.
E) Africa.
Q2) Hippocrates believed that most illnesses were caused by diet or environment.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following did Hippocrates,a scientist of medicine,believe?
A) illness was caused by diet or environment.
B) rest was important.
C) the body would generally heal itself.
D) the important point of an illness was crisis, after which the patient would either live or die.
E) All of these.
Q4) Aristotle was a student of Socrates.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain the significance of the Maccabean revolt.
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Chapter 5: The Rise of Rome,753-27 BCE
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Q1) Compare the resistance to cultural blending within Rome to that within the Hellenistic world.
Q2) The Etruscan writings were based on what influences?
A) Egyptian hieroglyphics
B) Sumerian pictographs
C) Phoenician inscriptions
D) Greek alphabets
E) Ogam
Q3) What is the difference between the Roman Republican government and Greek Democracy?
Q4) At the end of the first Punic War in 241 B.C.E.,the
A) Roman navy was ambushed off the port of Syracuse.
B) Romans sacked Carthage.
C) Romans gained Sicily.
D) Romans were defeated by the Greek general Pyrrhus.
E) Roman Senate declared an end to an unpopular war.
Q5) Analyze the role of the family in Roman life.Why was the concept of paterfamilias so important?
Q6) How was religion dealt with in the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire?
Q7) Why is the second of the Punic Wars considered an epic?
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Q1) The major proselytizer who spread Christianity throughout the Roman Empire was A) Matthew.
B) Mark.
C) Luke.
D) John.
E) Paul.
Q2) The highest ranking title in the Senate was princeps.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Why did Hadrian build a wall across Great Britain?
A) To put the army to work to strengthen Roman defenses.
B) As a monument to his reign.
C) To inscribe Roman law for public viewing.
D) To divert their attention from the economic and political crises.
E) An oracle had foretold his death if he did not.
Q4) Why did Christianity have trouble fitting in with the Roman Empire?
Q5) Under the Severan dynasty,participation in the Roman army was restricted to only native-born Italians.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Late Antiquity,284-527
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Q1) After the fifth century,the Byzantine Empire collapsed into the Dark Ages.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What event ended the conflict of the Nestorians,who argued for Christ's divinity after his death?
A) They were excommunicated for heresy.
B) They were condemned at a council but were tolerated quietly.
C) They gained many adherents among the barbarians of western Europe.
D) They went into exile in Persia and spread throughout the East.
E) They established a separatist form of Christianity.
Q3) How did paganism differ from Christianity in late antiquity?
Q4) The last non-Christian ruler of the Roman Empire was
A) Constantine.
B) Diocletian.
C) Julian.
D) Theodosius.
E) Valens.
Q5) What role did Christianity offer women? How did this contrast with opportunities in the Roman Empire?
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Q6) How did Christianity and its culture transform the literature of Late Antiquity?
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Chapter 8: The Eastern Mediterranean,500-1000
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Q1) After the seventh century the main language in the Byzantine Empire was Greek. A)True
B)False
Q2) In the mid-seventh century,all of the following areas fell to the Muslim conquest except
A) Syria.
B) Persia.
C) Egypt.
D) Constantinople.
E) Palestine.
Q3) As Mohammad came to Medina in 622,the Muslim calendar marked its beginning. A)True
B)False
Q4) Mohammad's journey from Mecca to Medina in 622 is known as the A) Hajj.
B) Hejira.
C) Zakat.
D) Ramadan.
E) Kabaa.
Q5) How do Islam and Christianity differ in political,religious,and social terms?
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Chapter 9: The Kingdoms of Western Europe,500-1000
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Q1) Serfs paid their rent primarily
A) with labor.
B) with cash.
C) with goods, or kind.
D) by putting their children into the workforce.
E) None of these.
Q2) In cementing his authority as king,Pepin gained the endorsement of whom?
A) the Frankish noble families
B) Pope Zacharias
C) his vassals
D) the Byzantine Empress Irene
E) King Alfred of England
Q3) To ensure the smooth transition of authority after him,Charlemagne employed what means of succession?
A) He had his only surviving son crown himself as co-emperor.
B) He wrote an explicit cartulary that designated his heir and second choice.
C) He authored the Treaty of Verdun.
D) He divided his territory among his sons but bestowed the title of Holy Roman Emperor on the oldest son.
E) He allowed the pope to choose the next successor.
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Chapter 10: The High Middle Ages,1000-1300
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Q1) Thomas Aquinas was a Franciscan monk and philosopher.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Discuss the restrictions placed on Jews after the Fourth Lateran Council.
Q3) The Peace of God
A) declared that knights could not take weapons into church.
B) declared that fighting had to be approved by an oath before God.
C) ended the conflicts among the various monastic orders.
D) allowed fighting only on certain days of the week.
E) prohibited violence against women, the poor, and clergy.
Q4) Which of the following was not a restriction placed on Jews by the Fourth Lateran Council?
A) Jews must wear distinctive clothing in public.
B) Jews could not hold public office.
C) Jews could not live in Spain.
D) Jews who converted could not return to their previous religion.
E) None of these were restrictions placed on Jews.
Q5) How did the Capetian dynasty in particular engage in the centralization of authority?
Q6) What were the effects of the agricultural transformation in the Middle Ages?
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Chapter 11: Reversals and Disasters,1300-1450
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Q1) All of the following contributed to the growth of trade in the fourteenth century except
A) improvements in navigation.
B) surplus agriculture for urban markets.
C) refinements in merchants' contracts.
D) new commercial techniques.
E) improved record keeping.
Q2) The first widespread revolt over taxation was
A) the Flanders rebellion.
B) Wat Tyler's revolt.
C) Ciompi rebellion.
D) the Jacquerie.
E) none of these.
Q3) The two major regions for trade were the
A) Baltic and Black Seas.
B) Black and Mediterranean Seas.
C) Baltic and Balkan coasts.
D) Mediterranean and Baltic Seas.
E) Mediterranean and African coasts.
Q4) What were the origins of the conflict that resulted in the Avignon papacy?
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Chapter 12: The Renaissance in Italy and Northern
Europe,1350-1550
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Q1) Lay scholars interested in learning at this time were known as A) students.
B) confraternities.
C) humanists.
D) philosophers.
E) secularists.
Q2) Typical furniture for a family of modest means in the fourteenth century would have included all of the following except
A) one or two beds for the family.
B) a common table used for work and dining.
C) a stool or bench.
D) a cabinet for clothing.
E) a chest for storage.
Q3) The principality in the Holy Roman Empire that was seen as a buffer state against invasion by the Ottomans was
A) Moravia.
B) Prussia.
C) Poland.
D) Bohemia.
E) Saxony.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Europes Age of Expansion, 1450 1550
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Q1) The political life of Italy in the mid-sixteenth century was characterized by A) isolationism.
B) domination by the Holy Roman Empire.
C) centralization in opposition to the Habsburgs.
D) regionalism.
E) feudalism.
Q2) Which of the following was not one of the four categories of men's work?
A) agriculture and food production
B) construction
C) manufacturing of cloth and leather
D) religious avocations
E) skilled craft labor organized into guilds
Q3) In the fifteenth century,the Habsburg lands grew because of successful marriages.In France,the crown territory grew because of A) diplomacy.
B) imperial conquest.
C) the deaths of long-term landed nobility.
D) centralization and unification by enforcing one dialect of French.
E) exponential financial growth.
Q4) How did Europeans justify the use of African and Indian slavery?
Page 15
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Chapter
14: Reform in the Western Church,1490-1570
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Q1) The Peace of Augsburg recognized Lutheranism as a religious option within the Holy Roman Empire.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What role did Erasmus play in the Reformation?
Q3) What was the main theme of Sir Thomas More's Utopia?
A) It described how a King could be a just ruler.
B) It described the reforms the Church needed to make.
C) It argued that good works should count as much as faith in determining salvation.
D) It commented on foibles and greed in English society.
E) It told tales to distract refugees from the Plague.
Q4) The first real move toward Reformation in England came with
A) the seizure of Catholic properties in England.
B) Henry's so-called Reformation by Statute.
C) Elizabeth I issuing the Thirty-nine Articles.
D) Mary Tudor re-instituting Catholicism to coexist with the Church of England.
E) the Regency Council imposing the Book of Common Prayer under Edward VI.
Q5) How did Martin Luther come to the conclusion that the current church structure was unnecessary?
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Chapter 15: A Century of Crisis,1550-1650
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Q1) The "defenestration of Prague" launched the Thirty Years' War.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The majority of the accused in witchcraft trials were older,single women.
A)True
B)False
Q3) How did the division of the Habsburg Empire change the Holy Roman Empire?
Q4) What problems did the Stuart kings in England face in implementing absolutism,compared to rulers in France?
Q5) Philip II launched the Spanish Armada in 1588 against A) the Dutch rebels.
B) Portugal.
C) the Ottoman navy.
D) England.
E) North Africa.
Q6) In what ways can one argue that the French Wars of Religion were part of a larger framework of European wars and politics?
Q7) Analyze the causes of the English civil war.Why was it ultimately resolved with the restoration?
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Chapter 16: State-Building and the European State
System,1648-1789
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Q1) Leopold was finally successful in defeating the Ottomans as defined in which Treaty?
A) Carlowitz
B) Saztmár
C) Bucharest
D) Vienna
E) Rákóczi
Q2) The Treaty of Carlowitz united Hungary with the Habsburg territory.
A)True
B)False
Q3) How did the idea of "balance of power" fuel the European wars of the seventeenth and eighteenth century?
Q4) Why was James II forced off the throne of England?
A) He was Catholic.
B) He refused to adhere to the Magna Carta.
C) He disbanded parliament when they refused him money.
D) He had no male heirs.
E) He was in favor of an alliance with France.
Q5) Analyze the reforms attempted by Empress Maria Theresa of Austria.
Q6) Analyze the results of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes.
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Chapter 17: The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment,1550-1790
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Q1) Why is Voltaire felt to be emblematic of the Enlightenment movement?
Q2) Which philosopher argued against slavery?
A) Hobbes
B) Locke
C) Montesquieu
D) Rousseau
E) Jefferson
Q3) The writer of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman was
A) Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun.
B) Aphra Behn.
C) Lady Mary Wortley Montagu.
D) Madame du Chatelet.
E) Mary Wollstonecraft.
Q4) Immanuel Kant argued that the enlightened mind would logically choose democracy as a political reform.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How did the philosophes reconcile their ideas about human equality with institutions such as slavery and the disruption of indigenous peoples?
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Chapter 18: Trade and Empire,1700-1800
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Q1) What were the reasons for the growth of privacy in the eighteenth century?
A) A growing sense of individualism as a result of Enlightenment thoughts
B) Religion's emphasis on greater modesty
C) Emulating the examples of wealthy people who could afford their own private spaces
D) Decreased emphasis on communal activities such as eating or sharing quarters
E) All of these
Q2) The Gordon Riots in London focused on the destruction of Catholic establishments and homes.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Britain gained the upper hand in economic domination over France during the eighteenth century because of
A) more tightly organized social orders.
B) early mechanical industrialization.
C) the use of enclosure to promote agricultural growth.
D) a better navy.
E) a monopoly on trade in India.
Q4) What motivated the European governments in the eighteenth century to consider the plight of the poor?
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Chapter 19: Revolutionary France and Napoleonic
Europe,1775-1815
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Q1) The attempt to take Russia in 1812 cost Napoleon 85% of his troops.
A)True
B)False
Q2) All of the following were accomplished by the Constitution of 1791 except A) slavery was outlawed.
B) all titles of the nobility were abolished.
C) sovereignty rested in the nation rather than the king.
D) women had the right to vote.
E) ability, not birth, determined status.
Q3) King Louis XVIII was coronated at Rheims in 1831.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The Reign of Terror meant the government controlled the economy and eliminated counter-revolutionaries.
A)True
B)False
Q5) French society under Napoleon was dominated by the notables.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What preconditions existed in France that provoked revolution in 1789? Page 21
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Chapter 20: Restoration and Reform: Conservative and Liberal Europe,1814-1847
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Q1) According to definition,the state is a political entity which does all of the following except
A) collect taxes.
B) finance armies.
C) issue passports.
D) emphasize common culture.
E) demand obedience of laws.
Q2) Great Britain is the homeland of "classical liberalism."
A)True
B)False
Q3) Nationalism to unify Italy was initially promoted most strongly by A) Giuseppe Mazzini.
B) Leonardo de Cavour.
C) the Papal States.
D) the kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
E) Giuseppe Garabaldi.
Q4) John Stuart Mill wrote in support of women being recognized as equal in intelligence and political understanding to men.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 21: Industrialization and Society,1800-1850
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Q1) Conditions for peasants were worst in Europe in Ireland after the potato famine.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Urbanization was a result of displacement from Enclosure.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The Communist Manifesto
A) was a guidebook on how to form workers' unions to become enfranchised.
B) inspired the revolutions of 1848.
C) argued for the historical inevitability of class struggles resulting in revolution.
D) required that workers obtain the right to vote and change society.
E) was none of these.
Q4) The middle classes found their identification in
A) occupation and education
B) location of housing within the city.
C) religious affiliation.
D) accumulation of goods.
E) participation in skilled occupations.
Q5) What was different about the ideas proposed by socialism and communism?
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Chapter 22: The Triumph of the Nation-State,1848-1900
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Q1) Theodor Herzl brought public notice onto the anti-Semitic pogroms happening in Russia in the late nineteenth century.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The 1848 revolutions in Veneto and Lombardy were in opposition to
A) French occupation in the northwest.
B) exclusion from Cavour's liberalist government.
C) Austrian presence in the north.
D) suppression of anti-Catholic activities.
E) suppression of the Red Shirts.
Q3) All of the following opposed nationalism in the second half of the nineteenth century except
A) the Catholic Church.
B) socialists.
C) communists.
D) eastern European empires.
E) conservatives in western Europe.
Q4) Why was the issue of nationalism more complicated in the Habsburg lands than elsewhere in central Europe?
Q5) Compare the processes of unification in Germany and Italy.
Page 25
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Chapter 23: The Culture of Industrial Europe,1850-1914
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Q1) How did the development of a consumer society facilitate employment and social mobility possibilities for women?
Q2) The sociologist Max Weber argued that many political leaders were successful in commanding respect and power because of what attribute?
A) nationalism
B) ethnic pride
C) charisma
D) personal wealth
E) flexible ethics
Q3) Industrial growth went hand in hand with what demographic event?
A) Population increase
B) Population decrease
C) Urbanization
D) Decreased child mortality rates
E) Later age of marriage
Q4) Charles Darwin's main contribution to the scientific field was the idea of evolution.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 24: The Age of Imperialism,1870-1914
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Q1) For Germany,colonies in the Pacific and Africa did not make economic sense.
A)True
B)False
Q2) David Livingstone's attempts to convert native African populations to Christianity was done by
A) proselytizing.
B) threatening violence.
C) offering economic incentives.
D) modeling an example.
E) indoctrinating the population.
Q3) Turkmenistan was the division in the "spheres of influence" between British and Russian colonial holdings.
A)True
B)False
Q4) All of the following represent uprisings against European imperialism except the A) Sepoy Rebellion.
B) Boxer Rebellion.
C) Boer War.
D) Battle of Omdurman.
E) Russo-Japanese War.
Page 27
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Chapter 25: War and Revolution,1900-1918
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Q1) At the outset of war,Germany marched into
A) Poland.
B) Belgium.
C) France.
D) Serbia.
E) Ukraine.
Q2) How did governments control populations during the war to focus on "total war"?
Q3) Alexander Kerensky led the Bolsheviks out of the Russian Civil War.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Military planners expected World War I to be long and involved because of new weapons and technology.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Why did Germany believe victory was still possible in 1917?
A) They had gained considerable lands on the Eastern Front.
B) The Russian Civil War meant that Russia dropped out of the war.
C) The United States maintained a policy of non-intervention.
D) Austrian and German forces defeated the Italians at the Battle of Caporetto.
E) All of these.
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Chapter 26: A Decade of Revolutionary Experiments,1918-1929
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Q1) What was the goal of the New Economic Policy (NEP)promoted by Lenin?
A) Nationalization of all private industry.
B) Implementation of a temporary form of private property and free commerce.
C) Outlawing labor unions' demands for universal wages.
D) Centralization of production under one Commissar.
E) Emphasizing agricultural production over industrial production as a temporary means to spur economic growth.
Q2) What kind of revolutionary movements occurred after World War I?
Q3) Why did the creation of the Irish Free State become a continued problem within Irish-British diplomatic relations?
Q4) The greatest casualty of the diplomatic meetings at Versailles turned out to be which of the following?
A) The independence of Poland
B) The principle of self determination
C) The terms of the Sykes-Picot Agreement
D) The creation of Palestine
E) German representation
Q5) What were the difficulties encountered by the League of Nations in the interwar years?
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Chapter 27: Democracy Under Siege,1929-1945
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Q1) In the Spanish Civil War,Francisco Franco represented what faction?
A) Republicans
B) Fascists
C) Monarchists
D) Nationalists
E) Social Democrats
Q2) How did Churchill utilize American resources to buttress British involvement against Germany during World War II?
Q3) What was the Night of Long Knives?
A) Hitler's assassination of the president to seize complete control of Germany
B) Widespread destruction of Jewish businesses
C) The elimination of the Communist Party within Germany
D) Hitler's purge of his political opposition and his stormtrooper leaders
E) The first campaign to seize the Sudetenland
Q4) The first victims in the Great Purges were the leaders of the NKVD.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What was the purpose of the conferences attended by Churchill,Stalin,and Roosevelt? What was accomplished?
Page 30
Q6) In comparison to World War I,what made World War II truly global in context?
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Chapter 28: Europe Divided,1945-1968
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Q1) Under the leadership of Clement Attlee,the Labour Party in postwar England imparted all of the following changes except
A) nationalized medicine.
B) nationalized transportation.
C) nationalized the Bank of England.
D) reorganized the Church of England.
E) established government-funded pensions for all working citizens.
Q2) Who was the Zionist leader instrumental in founding the state of Israel amidst Palestine?
A) Moshe Diane
B) Golda Meir.
C) David Ben-Gurion
D) Amos Oz
E) Benjamin Disraeli.
Q3) The Cold War was caused by all of the following factors except
A) the Lend-Lease program.
B) U.S. support of western Germany
C) financial recovery options through the Marshall Plan.
D) American backing of Israel in the middle East.
E) the Soviet Union's development of atomic weapons.
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Chapter 29: Lifting the Iron Curtain,1969-1991
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Q1) Significant opposition to nuclear power was demonstrated after the malfunction of which power plant?
A) San Onofre
B) Chernobyl
C) Fukushima
D) Greenham Common
E) None of these.
Q2) What was the breaking point of détente under Willy Brandt?
A) His repression of immigration from across the eastern border.
B) His involvement in a series of espionage scandals that made the west look inattentive to Soviet spy campaigns.
C) The economic downturn of the 1970s.
D) The west German population objected to the military installments of foreign nations in their country.
E) The assassination of Israeli Olympic athletes in Munich gave the impression of lack of vigilance.
Q3) How did popular culture affect the presentation of personal style and culture?
Q4) How did the question of self-identification become problematic under the guest worker program in Europe?
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Chapter 30: Europe in a Globalizing World,1991 to the Present
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Q1) Explain the origin of the policy of ethnic cleansing in the former Yugolav nations.
Q2) At the end of the war,Albanians were excluded from the Serbian government.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The European nation that was most reluctant to embrace European economic integration was
A) Ireland.
B) Belgium.
C) Britain.
D) Germany.
E) France.
Q4) Which was the first country in the EU to suffer during the late 2000s economic collapse?
A) Greece
B) Portugal
C) Spain
D) Iceland
E) Ireland
Q5) What are some of the primary concerns of social activists since 1991?
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