Radiation Biology Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
Radiation Biology explores the fundamental principles and biological effects of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation on living organisms. The course covers the interactions of radiation with cells and tissues, mechanisms of DNA damage and repair, radiation-induced mutations and carcinogenesis, and the influence of factors such as dose, exposure rate, and radiation type. Emphasis is placed on the applications of radiation in medicine, including cancer radiotherapy and medical imaging, as well as considerations for radiation protection and safety. Through a combination of theoretical concepts and practical examples, students gain an understanding of how radiation impacts biological systems at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels.
Recommended Textbook
Radiation Protection in Medical Radiography 7th Edition by Mary Sherer
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14 Chapters
339 Verified Questions
339 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Radiation Protection
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following provides the basis for determining whether an imaging procedure or practice is justified?
A) ALARA program
B) BERT method
C) Efficacy
D) TRACE program
Answer: C
Q2) In a hospital setting,which of the following professionals is expressly charged by the hospital administration to be directly responsible for the execution,enforcement,and maintenance of the ALARA program?
A) Assistant administrator of the facility
B) Chief of staff
C) Radiation Safety Officer
D) Student radiologic technologist
Answer: C
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Radiation: Types, Sources, and Doses Received
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the electromagnetic spectrum,higher frequencies are associated with:
A) longer wavelengths and lower energies.
B) longer wavelengths and higher energies.
C) shorter wavelengths and lower energies.
D) shorter wavelengths and higher energies.
Answer: D
Q2) Of the two sources of ionizing radiation listed below,which source remains fairly constant from year to year?
A) Human-made
B) Natural
Answer: B
Q3) When exposed to high radon levels in the home,which of the following groups of people have the highest risk of developing lung cancer?
A) Infants
B) Toddlers
C) Nonsmokers
D) Smokers
Answer: D
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4
Chapter 3: Interaction of X-Radiation With Matter
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Sample Questions
Q1) Radiographic density is:
A) caused by photodisintegration.
B) defined as the degree of overall blackening on a completed radiograph.
C) not affected by milliampere-seconds (mAs).
D) not relevant in the production of a diagnostic radiograph.
Answer: B
Q2) During the process of coherent scattering,the incident x-ray photon interacts with:
A) a single inner shell electron, ejecting it from its orbit.
B) a single outer shell electron, ejecting it from its orbit.
C) an atom transferring its energy by causing some or all of the electrons of the atom to vibrate momentarily and radiate energy in the form of electromagnetic waves.
D) a scattered photon of lesser energy, annihilating it.
Answer: C
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5
Chapter 4: Radiation Quantities and Units
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Sample Questions
Q1) Alpha particles have a radiation weighting factor (WR) that is numerically equal to:
A) 1.
B) 5.
C) 10.
D) 20.
Q2) Which of the following rem values equals 4000 mSv?
A) 4 rem
B) 40 rem
C) 400 rem
D) 4000 rem
Q3) Which of the following statements is true?
A) 100 rem = 1 centisievert
B) 10 rem = 1 centisievert
C) 1 rem = 1 centisievert
D) 0.1 rem = 1 centisievert
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6
Chapter 5: Radiation Monitoring
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Sample Questions
Q1) In diagnostic imaging,the ______________ of the optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter makes it ideal for monitoring employees working in low-radiation environments and for pregnant workers.
A) decreased sensitivity
B) increased sensitivity
C) lack of sensitivity
D) unaffected sensitivity
Q2) Which of the following devices contains an aluminum oxide detector?
A) Film badge dosimeter
B) Optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter
C) Pocket ionization chamber
D) Thermoluminescent dosimeter
Q3) The front of the white paper packet of the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeter:
A) may be color coded to facilitate correct usage and placement of the badge on the body of occupationally exposed personnel.
B) must not have any type of printing on it.
C) must be radiopaque.
D) must never be exposed to ionizing radiation.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Overview of Cell Biology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Adenine bonds only with:
A) cytosine.
B) guanine.
C) hydrogen.
D) thymine.
Q2) The much smaller structures that make up nucleic acids are called:
A) carbohydrates.
B) fatty acids.
C) nucleotides.
D) polysaccharides.
Q3) During which of the following subphases of mitosis do the centrioles migrate to opposite sides of the cell and begin to regulate the formation of the mitotic spindle?
A) Anaphase
B) Metaphase
C) Prophase
D) Telophase
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8
Chapter 7: Molecular and Cellular Radiation Biology
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Sample Questions
Q1) A biologic reaction is produced by 4 Gyt of a test radiation.It takes 16 Gyt of 250-kVp x-rays to produce the same biologic reaction.What is the relative biologic effectiveness (RBE) of the test radiation?
A) 2
B) 4
C) 8
D) 12
Q2) Which of the following groups of cells is least radiosensitive?
A) Adult nerve cells
B) Nerve cells in an embryo or fetus
C) Lymphocytes
D) Immature spermatogonia
Q3) One micron (mm) = __________.
A) 10-6 m
B) 10+6 m
C) 10-3 m
D) 10+3 m
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Chapter 8: Early Deterministic Radiation Effects on Organ Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Attempts have been made to measure chromosome aberrations after diagnostic x-ray imaging procedures:
A) and these studies have been very successful in measuring the number of chromosome aberrations that occurred.
B) but successful results have not been achieved in these studies.
C) but these studies have only been moderately successful in measuring the number of chromosome aberrations that occurred.
D) these studies have only been minimally successful in measuring the number of chromosome aberrations that occurred.
Q2) A decrease in the number of neutrophils can be caused by a radiation dose of:
A) 0.1 Gy.
B) 0.2 Gy.
C) 0.3 Gy.
D) 0.5 Gy.
Q3) Moist and dry desquamation can be caused by:
A) high radiation doses.
B) low radiation doses.
C) radiation doses received during routine diagnostic imaging procedures.
D) radiation doses received during routine mammography.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Late Deterministic and Stochastic Radiation
Effects on Organ Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following groups of people exposed to ionizing radiation provide proof that low-level radiation exposure produces late effects?
A) 135,000 evacuees from the 1986 nuclear power plant accident at Chernobyl, Ukraine
B) Japanese atomic bomb survivors
C) Children of the Marshall Islanders who were inadvertently subjected to fallout during the atomic bomb test in 1954
D) None of the above
Q2) Radium decays with a half-life of:
A) 8 days.
B) 50 years.
C) 500 years.
D) 1622 years
Q3) Mutations in genes and DNA that occur at random as natural phenomena are called:
A) deterministic mutations.
B) sporadic mutations.
C) spontaneous mutations.
D) stochastic mutations.
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Chapter 10: Dose Limits for Exposure to Ionizing Radiation
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Q1) Epidemiologic studies of atomic bomb survivors exposed in utero have provided conclusive evidence of a dose-dependent increase in the incidence of severe mental retardation for fetal doses greater than approximately:
A) 0.1 Sv.
B) 0.2 Sv.
C) 0.3 Sv.
D) 0.4 Sv.
Q2) To define ALARA,health care facilities usually adopt investigation levels,defined as Level I and Level II.In the United States,these levels are traditionally _______ to ______ the applicable regulatory standards.
A) one twentieth, one tenth
B) one tenth, three tenths
C) three tenths, one half
D) one half, seven tenths
Q3) Which of the following terms means "random in nature"?
A) Deterministic
B) Epidemiologic
C) Nonstochastic
D) Stochastic
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Equipment Design for Radiation Protection
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Sample Questions
Q1) When using digital fluoroscopy systems,making use of the last-image-hold feature can:
A) be an effective dose reduction technique.
B) eliminate the need to collimate the primary beam.
C) eliminate increased involuntary patient motion.
D) eliminate increased voluntary patient motion.
Q2) What is the purpose of radiographic beam filtration?
A) To decrease beam hardness, thereby reducing patient skin dose and the dose to superficial tissues
B) To increase beam hardness, thereby reducing patient skin dose and the dose to superficial tissues
C) To eliminate short wavelength radiation to reduce the radiation received by the patient's skin and superficial tissues
D) To increase beam hardness, thereby increasing patient skin dose with only a slight increase to superficial tissues
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13
Chapter 12: Management of Patient Radiation Dose During Diagnostic X-Ray Procedures
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Sample Questions
Q1) Because most medical procedures result in fetal exposures:
A) greater than 5 Gy, the risk of abnormality is large.
B) greater than 1 Gy, the risk of abnormality is large.
C) less than 0.5 Gy but greater than 0.01 Gy, the risk of abnormality is small.
D) less than 0.01 Gy, the risk of abnormality is small.
Q2) In the event that a pregnant patient is inadvertently irradiated:
A) the radiographer performing the examination should perform the calculations necessary to determine fetal dose.
B) the imaging department manager should perform the calculations necessary to determine fetal dose.
C) the radiologic physicist should perform the calculations necessary to determine fetal dose.
D) the radiologist should perform the calculations necessary to determine fetal dose.
Q3) The radiation dose absorbed by an organ such as bone marrow:
A) can be accurately measured by a direct method.
B) cannot be measured by a direct method; it can only be estimated.
C) is negligible for all diagnostic radiography examinations.
D) can only be measured to a small degree by a direct method.
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Chapter 13: Management of Imaging Personnel Radiation
Dose During Diagnostic X-Ray Procedures
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Sample Questions
Q1) To ensure that the lifetime risk of occupationally exposed persons remains acceptable,the lifetime effective dose in mSv should not exceed:
A) the occupationally exposed person's age in years.
B) 5 times the occupationally exposed person's age in years.
C) 10 times the occupationally exposed person's age in years.
D) 20 times the occupationally exposed person's age in years.
Q2) During which of the following x-ray examinations should a radiographer always wear a thyroid shield?
A) Fluoroscopy and special procedures
B) Routine mobile radiographic procedures
C) General diagnostic radiographic procedures performed in an x-ray room
D) Digital radiography procedures and computed radiography procedures
Q3) What is the term for the proportional amount of time during which the x-ray beam is energized or directed toward a particular barrier?
A) Occupancy factor
B) Workload factor
C) Distance factor
D) Use factor
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Chapter 14: Radioisotopes and Radiation Protection
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Sample Questions
Q1) Radioactive material that is attached to or associated with dust particles or in liquid form on various surfaces defines the term:
A) radioactive contamination.
B) radioactive dispersal device.
C) radioactive fallout.
D) radioactive syndrome.
Q2) Iodine-125 (¹² I) in the form of titanium-encapsulated cylindrical seeds has been used quite extensively within the past decade to give a tumoricidal radiation equivalent dose for:
A) malignant brain tumors.
B) malignant breast tumors.
C) malignant lung tumors.
D) prostate cancers that are confined within the prostate gland.
Q3) During a radiation emergency,the dose limit for individuals engaging in lifesaving activities is:
A) 50 mSv per event.
B) 100 mSv per event.
C) 250 mSv per event.
D) 500 mSv per event.
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Page 16