Race and Ethnicity in America
Final Exam
Course Introduction
This course explores the historical and contemporary dynamics of race and ethnicity in the United States, examining how these social constructs have shaped American society, culture, politics, and identity. Students will analyze the experiences of various racial and ethnic groups, consider the legacies of colonization, slavery, immigration, and segregation, and engage with theories of race and ethnicity. Through readings, class discussions, and case studies, the course investigates the intersectionality of race with other identities, the impact of institutional racism and privilege, and the ongoing struggles for equity and justice in America.
Recommended Textbook
African American Odyssey The Combined Volume 5th Edition by Darlene Clark Hine
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1077 Verified Questions
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Chapter 1: Africa
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Q1) Which Songhai leader was a devout Muslim who helped spread Islam in Africa and established the Sankore Mosque at Timbuktu?
A) Mansa Musa
B) Sunni Ali
C) Sundiata Mali
D) Askia Muhammad Toure
Answer: D
Q2) The Great Pyramids were constructed as
A) markers for the summer and winter solstices.
B) primitive astronomical observatories.
C) temples for the Egyptian god, Ra.
D) royal funeral architecture.
Answer: D
Q3) __________, a part of the Kushite civilization, became Africa's first industrial center, exploiting nearby resources of iron.
Answer: Meroë
Q4) Most of the northern third of the African continent is made up of the ___________ Desert.
Answer: Sahara
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Chapter 2: Middle Passage
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Q1) How did the early Europeans usually obtain their supply of slaves?
A) They raided along the coast of Africa, forcibly capturing large families.
B) Arabs brought slaves up to the coastal cities in Europe, and they were purchased there.
C) Europeans captured large land areas through warfare, and subjugated entire groups of people into slavery.
D) They obtained their slaves through trade with native African tribes.
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following is NOT true of Creoles or older Africans?
A) They were considered less valuable than other Africans for many reasons.
B) They generally were more familiar with the European languages.
C) They had become accustomed to the diseases and new climate of the area.
D) Since whites were in the minority of the population, they could help train new arrivals.
Answer: A
Q3) Sometimes slaves were sold at auctions; at other times, however, they were sold in the ________, where buyers rushed into a pen to rope or grab the slaves they wanted.
Answer: scramble
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Chapter 3: Black People in Colonial North America
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Q1) How did slaves influence the choice of cash crop in Carolina?
A) West African slaves had experience with rice cultivation.
B) Slaves arriving from Virginia knew more about tobacco cultivation than the British plantation owners from Barbados.
C) West Africans had learned how to produce silk from trade with Arabs and the East.
D) West African slaves enjoyed foods prepared with corn, and planted this in abundance.
Answer: A
Q2) What African characteristics did second generation slaves lose in America?
A) language and ethnic identity
B) elements of family structure and concepts of self worth
C) second generation slaves generally adopted European practices and shunned all African ways
D) knowledge about agricultural production
Answer: A
Q3) The term chattel means _________________.
Answer: personal property
Q4) Interracial sexual contact is also called ___________________.
Answer: miscegenation
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Chapter 4: Rising Expectations: African Americans and the
Struggle for Independence
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Q1) Who was Crispus Attucks?
A) one of the people who died after accosting British soldiers at the Boston Massacre
B) a famous slave who fought against the British in the battles of Lexington and Concord
C) a black man who was famous for his poetry during the American Revolution
D) a British loyalist, who fought alongside Benedict Arnold in several battles
Q2) Why did most whites not want blacks to enlist in the army?
A) They thought that blacks were too cowardly to fight.
B) They thought that arming blacks would inspire rebellion of slaves across the south.
C) They lacked the equipment and uniforms to accept everyone.
D) They believed both that blacks were too cowardly, and that it would inspire rebellion.
Q3) How did Phillis Wheatley distinguish herself?
A) as the first black woman to graduate from a British college
B) as the first woman to die at the Battle of Lexington
C) as a poet
D) as the first black abolitionist in the colonies
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Q1) Which of the following was not a force favoring the continuation of slavery?
A) the Constitution
B) the development of cotton as a cash crop
C) racism
D) continuing excitement over the Revolution
Q2) Which of the following was not a difficulty faced by early black schools?
A) There were threats of violence against them by whites.
B) They never had sufficient enrollment.
C) African-American parents thought that schools were useless.
D) Funding was a constant problem, as many African Americans had little money.
Q3) What statement is not true of early (before 1832) anti-slavery societies?
A) They were dominated by Quakers.
B) They included the active participation by and membership of some African Americans.
C) They were most dominant in the northern states.
D) They tended to focus on gradual emancipation plans.
Q4) Which slave led a rebellion in Virginia in 1800?
Q5) What was the name of the first anti-slavery society in the world?
Q6) What was the name of the first governing document of the United States of America?
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Chapter 6: Life in the Cotton Kingdom
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Q1) What was the importance of the animal trickster folktales?
A) They helped show slaves that sometimes the weaker, but cleverer, character wins.
B) They demonstrated that slaves were adopting white culture.
C) They helped children learn lessons of obedience and subservience.
D) They often made slaves some extra money on "festival days."
Q2) Where was rice cultivation important?
A) in the swampy regions of Georgia and Florida
B) along the banks of the Mississippi River
C) in certain areas of South Carolina and Georgia
D) in Virginia and Maryland
Q3) What city served as a major slave market for slaves moving through the Southwest?
A) New York
B) St. Louis
C) New Orleans
D) Atlanta
Q4) Most victims of the slave trade moved by foot, usually chained or roped together, in groups called _______________.
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Chapter 7: Free Black People in Antebellum America
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Q1) What generalization can be made about New England and the middle states and the enfranchisement of black men?
A) Because racism was strong in the North as well as the South, all of these states disenfranchised black voters.
B) All of these states allowed all black men to vote.
C) All of these states limited black men and women's voting in some way.
D) Generalizations are impossible: Some states forbid black voting, some continued to allow it, and some merely limited it in some way.
Q2) What types of laws did Indiana, Michigan, Iowa and Wisconsin pass regarding black citizens in their states?
A) They all allowed blacks to vote, and banned segregation.
B) They all pushed for women's rights well before the beginning of the national women's rights movement.
C) They banned all blacks from the state in their constitutions.
D) They tried to bring slavery into their states, but failed.
Q3) Who was the first African American to graduate from medical school?
Q4) Which African-American singer earned the nickname "The Black Swan"?
Q5) What party brought about the repeal of Ohio's black laws?
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Chapter 8: Opposition to Slavery
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Q1) What is true of the Second Great Awakening?
A) It was a revival of religious interest, where ordinary blacks and whites played a large role.
B) The Second Great Awakening refers to the development of two parties in America.
C) It was a religious revival, but had very few consequences outside of churches in the South.
D) It occurred during the 1730s and 1740s.
Q2) What beliefs did William Lloyd Garrison hold about slavery?
A) As a black man, he felt that slavery was not economically practical, and would die out of its own accord.
B) He thought that gradually abolishing slavery was immoral and impractical.
C) He thought that the highest position a black man should hold would be that of a slave.
D) He thought that slavery should not be extended to any new territory, but could continue where it was.
Q3) What famous antislavery newspaper did William Lloyd Garrison begin publishing in 1831?
Q4) Other than Africa, where did some African Americans choose to migrate?
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Chapter 9: Let Your Motto Be Resistance
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Q1) Why do we know very little about the underground railroad?
A) The records of the organization were burned in a fire set by white mobs.
B) It was only a myth, told by antislavery advocates to keep black slaves' hopes alive.
C) It was a secret organization with no centralized command, and the efforts were separated from each other by region and time.
D) It existed for only two years, and had only one leader, Harriet Tubman.
Q2) What were the frequent targets of anti-black mobs?
A) black buildings and neighborhoods
B) black politicians
C) black women and children
D) Black politicians
Q3) What were the goals of the American Anti-Slavery Society?
A) to restrict slavery to the South where it already existed
B) the immediate end to slavery, with no compensation for owners
C) the gradual end to slavery, with some compensation to owners for their losses
D) the immediate end to slavery, with some compensation for owners
Q4) The ________________ was a rule passed by Congress in effect forbidding any discussion of antislavery issues.
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Q1) What was a result of John Brown's raid?
A) Many of the participants in the raid escaped to the North, where they received heroes' welcomes.
B) The raid pushed the country toward civil war by intensifying feelings on both sides.
C) John Brown, since he was killed before fighting began, was largely forgotten.
D) Southerners began to accept the limitations of slavery.
Q2) What did Douglas try to accuse the Republicans of during the Lincoln-Douglas debates?
A) of favoring black people over whites and of favoring racial equality
B) of being racist
C) of favoring the South over their home state of Illinois
D) of not wanting to accept new territory into the United States
Q3) Which party formed in 1848 to prevent the expansion of slavery into the territories?
A) the Liberty Party
B) the Free-Soil Party
C) the Republican Party
D) the Democratic Party
Q4) Which was the first state to secede?
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Chapter 11: Liberation: African Americans and the Civil War
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Q1) What event was not one of the considerations that prompted Confederate leaders to entertain the possibility of having black men help them militarily?
A) the impossibility of gaining British aid or recognition
B) effective Union military efforts, especially the naval blockade
C) terrible losses of manpower at several battles
D) several main Confederate leaders were beginning to believe that blacks could be equal to whites socially, and on the battlefield
Q2) What was General Order 11?
A) an order issued by Grant, freeing all slaves in South Carolina
B) an order issued by Lincoln, freeing all slaves in the United States, and backing up the Emancipation Proclamation with threats of violence
C) an order issued by Lincoln in response to the mistreatment of black soldiers-it threatened to execute southern prisoners
D) an order issued by Lee, to kill all black prisoners of war held by the South
Q3) What Union commander began the policy of accepting runaway slaves as "contraband"?
Q4) Who was the Confederate officer in charge of the Fort Pillow massacre?
Q5) Which black unit was involved in the assault on Battery Wagner in July of 1863?
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Chapter 12: The Meaning of Freedom: the Promise of Reconstruction
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Q1) What was true about the provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1866?
A) It was intended to make black codes illegal.
B) It would have made all minorities and racial groups, if they had been born in America, citizens of the United States.
C) It applied to women as well as men, and would have granted universal voting rights to all over the age of 18.
D) It was a very weak law, and would have had no effect on blacks in reality.
Q2) What would be an accurate description of black Presbyterian, Congregational, and Episcopal churches?
A) They were formed only recently after the Civil War by freed blacks.
B) They were more rowdy and vocal than the slave religious ceremonies had been.
C) Their membership included generally the more prosperous, and lighter skinned, blacks in society.
D) They died out after the Civil War.
Q3) What was the main purpose of the Freedmen's Bureau?
A) to free the slaves in the South
B) to help blacks find jobs in the North
C) to help assist the newly freed slaves in their transition to freedom
D) to press for civil and political rights for blacks
Page 14
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Chapter 13: The Meaning of Freedom: the Failure of Reconstruction,
1868-1877
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Q1) What provoked the Hamburg Massacre?
A) an incident between two white men and the black militia of the town
B) the rape of a white woman by a black man
C) several African Americans attempting to vote
D) the theft of a large number of cattle from a prominent white businessman's ranch
Q2) What was the first opportunity for many black men to participate in politics in the South?
A) black men had no opportunity to participate in politics in the South
B) constitutional conventions during Reconstruction
C) the presidential election of 1872
D) elections for the state senate seats, in which many blacks also ran for office
Q3) What is true about the end of Reconstruction?
A) Whites learned that intimidation and violence would not reduce the amount of black voting.
B) Republicans regained control of southern legislatures.
C) It left few lasting benefits for blacks.
D) The high level of violence completely ended.
Q4) Where was the KKK founded?
Page 15
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Chapter 14: White Supremacy Triumphant: African
Americans in the South in the Late Nineteenth Century
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Q1) What was the name of the case that upheld Louisiana's segregation laws?
Q2) What is true about the justice system in the South after Reconstruction?
A) Some blacks were allowed to serve on juries, as long as they were prominent leaders and showed proper deference to whites.
B) Black defendants always received very harsh punishments, regardless of whom they knew or whom they worked for.
C) Blacks often were not charged with crimes like adultery and bigamy.
D) Generally, the system of justice in the South was balanced to a certain extent..
Q3) In the Populist Party, which leader openly promoted interracial cooperation as a way of overcoming farmers' problems?
A) Hiram Revels
B) Thomas Watson
C) William Jennings Bryan
D) Teddy Roosevelt
Q4) ___________________ was generally the equivalent of enslavement. A black family would get into debt and would not be allowed to leave the land until it had paid off the debt.
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Chapter 15: Black Southerners Challenge White Supremacy
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Q1) Why did most strikes fail during the late nineteenth century?
A) Government and the police helped the businessmen over the workers.
B) Unions were very new, and really had no organization.
C) Unions had very few members until the twentieth century, as few were interested.
D) Government forbid all unions until 1934, so the only unions available were underground organizations.
Q2) Which was not a difference between jazz and ragtime?
A) Jazz was mostly improvised.
B) Jazz used many different instruments.
C) Jazz originated in New Orleans.
D) Jazz originated among white musicians, but black artists quickly took it over.
Q3) Which of the following teams did not allow black players after about 1887?
A) the Norfolk Red Stockings
B) the Cuban X Giants
C) the Chicago Unions
D) the Chicago White Stockings
Q4) Who was Hampton Institute's most famous and prized student?
Q5) Who is regarded as the "father of the blues"?
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Chapter 16: Conciliation, Agitation, and Migration: African
Americans in the Early Twentieth Century
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Q1) How did most African Americans feel about entering World War I?
A) Because of their past experiences, blacks criticized the war; they knew it would bring no gains for them.
B) Most supported it, and many served in the armed forces as a way to demonstrate their patriotism and loyalty.
C) Some blacks openly protested the war through marches and demonstrations.
D) Violence broke out in many cities across the United States as blacks protested unfair drafting practices.
Q2) What was the result of Washington's scheming to destroy the NAACP?
A) He was successful-the NAACP was destroyed, and only returned with the beginning of the civil rights movement in the 1950s.
B) He severely damaged the NAACP, and it would not gain in members until the 1950s.
C) The NAACP eventually triumphed, in goals and tactics.
D) Washington was revealed as a poor leader, and lost much support among whites.
Q3) What was the motto of the NACW?
Q4) What book, written by W. E. B. Du Bois, was one of the major literary accomplishments of the twentieth century and contained his first formal attack on Washington?
Page 18
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Chapter 17: African Americans and the 1920s
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Q1) How did the Pullman Company respond to Randolph's attempt to make gains for the porters?
A) Since they realized the union represented all of their porters, they had no choice but to give in to some demands.
B) The Pullman Company fired those who were in the union, and established their own company union.
C) The company gave the workers more dignity, when management adopted the slogan "Service not servitude."
D) None of these answers are correct.
Q2) Which of the following was not true about blacks in baseball?
A) Black leagues were often very disorganized, and would come and go quickly.
B) Blacks often made very little money.
C) Blacks had to move around a lot to play games.
D) Generally, at this time, blacks far preferred basketball to baseball.
Q3) What was A. Philip Randolph's political orientation?
A) Socialist
B) Republican
C) Democrat
D) He tended to vote for whoever would support blacks.
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Page 19
Chapter 18: Black Protests, the Great Depression, and the New Deal
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Q1) What industry saw substantial union organizing among black women?
A) tobacco
B) iron works
C) cotton farming
D) domestic workers
Q2) What did the case of the Scottsboro Boys involve?
A) two young communists who were accused of plotting to overthrow the government
B) two young white women who falsely accused nine young black men of rape on a train
C) a case where blacks 'schoolteachers had taught the concept of evolution, rather than the Biblical story of the evolution of man
D) two young boys who were lynched for stealing candy from a white store
Q3) Why were some blacks attracted to the Communist Party during the 1930s?
A) The Communist Party vowed to establish a separate nation for them in Africa.
B) The Communist Party said it was against racism, but never did anything to prove that.
C) The Communist Party worked to reduce unemployment and worked against racism.
D) The Communist Party was a very large, mainstream party in the 1930s, with many members from across the United States.
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Chapter 19: Meanings of Freedom: Culture and Society in the 1930s
and 1940s
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Q1) What was one difference between Harlem Renaissance artists and Chicago Renaissance artists?
A) Chicago Renaissance writers focused solely on political gains for their race. They refused to take part in "frivolous" fictional writing.
B) Writers of the Chicago Renaissance refused to publish their works with white publishers.
C) Chicago Renaissance writers generally did not feel that their work would solve racial problems.
D) These artists were very similar in goals, methods, and projects.
Q2) Who was not involved in the origins of the early Nation of Islam faith?
A) Elijah Muhammad
B) Wali Farad
C) Timothy Drew
D) Father Major Jealous Divine.
Q3) What was a main characteristic of Dunham's dance choreography?
A) It was very conservative and often compared to classical ballet.
B) It was frequently filled with sexual movements and innuendo.
C) It was a forerunner of tap dancing.
D) It was quickly adopted by whites across the South.
Page 21
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Q1) How did the Cold War influence African Americans' struggle for rights?
A) It made racism and segregation less acceptable as the United States struggled for control and influence among African and Asian nations.
B) It decreased the power of the federal government, which was then less able to help blacks.
C) It decreased the power of the military, making military desegregation less significant.
D) The Soviet policy of overt racism was seen as negative by Americans.
Q2) Which of the following was not true of black resistance to discrimination during the war?
A) The NAACP flooded the government with examples of unfair treatment.
B) William Hastie resigned his government position in protest.
C) Black troops responded with violence in the Port Chicago Base Mutiny, killing several white officers who had whipped them for violating curfew.
D) Blacks generally stopped protesting during World War II, since they thought it unpatriotic.
Q3) Who led the Dixiecrat Party revolt in 1948?
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Chapter 21: The Freedom Movement
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Q1) What steps did Kennedy take in civil rights areas?
A) He appointed numerous blacks to important administrative positions.
B) He allowed his brother to put force into the Justice Department's civil rights litigation.
C) He required government agencies to stop discrimination in federally supported housing.
D) He eliminated segregation in the military.
Q2) What effect did the lynching of Emmett Till have on young black Americans?
A) It frightened many. Young people would have only a small role in the civil rights movement because of their fear.
B) It made many young black men turn to violence, crime, and terrorism.
C) Because Till had been a war hero, many young blacks enlisted in the army.
D) It infuriated many of them, and caused them to fight it ever happening again.
Q3) Which of the following is not true about King?
A) He was a gifted, eloquent speaker.
B) He inspired courage in others.
C) He combined the ideas of nonviolence and black Christian theology in a unique way to provide a justification for the movement.
D) He was the only real organizer and power behind the bus boycott.
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Q1) To what religion or denomination did Malcolm Little convert while in prison?
A) Baptist
B) African Episcopalian Methodist
C) Nation of Islam
D) the Peace Mission Movement
Q2) How did Stokely Carmichael change SNCC around 1965?
A) He expelled all white members.
B) He began to admit whites.
C) He forced all members to renounce nonviolence and Christianity.
D) He set age limitations on group members in order to allow only college-age students to be members.
Q3) How did President Johnson respond to the riots in the summer of 1967?
A) He declared martial law in most large urban areas for the remainder of the summer, and restored the peace.
B) He established a commission to investigate the conflicts, and come up with solutions.
C) He ignored the riots and hoped that they would die down on their own.
D) He began drafting more black men from those areas for the war.
Q4) Who was the first black woman to make the FBI's Ten Most Wanted list?
Page 24
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Chapter 23: African Americans at the Millennium
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Q1) Which of the following was not an achievement of the women's movement of the 1970s?
A) Women secured passage of a constitutional amendment prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sex.
B) Women gained access to affirmative action programs in higher education.
C) Women gained the right to a legal abortion.
D) Women pushed for equality in the workplace.
Q2) For what did Pope John Paul II apologize in 1993?
Q3) What rap artist emerged to counter the images of women presented by gangsta rap artists?
Q4) How did Reginald Lewis become the wealthiest black man in America?
A) He was a music producer, for people like Michael Jackson.
B) He founded the computer company Microsoft.
C) He was a successful businessman.
D) He was a well-known actor in several films, under the name Denzel Washington.
Q5) Why have some blacks criticized gangsta rap?
A) It is generally too loud, and damages the eardrums of children.
B) Its lyrics are often anti-women, violent, and offensive.
C) It advocates having blacks in subordinate positions to whites in society.
D) It is generally only copying other musicians' creative efforts.
Page 25
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Q1) What was the name of the Supreme Court case that decided to stop the recount of Florida votes, and gave the 2000 election to George Bush?
Q2) What was the idea behind Ronald Reagan's "trickle-down" economics?
A) It would help black families by giving them small amounts of money.
B) It gave tax breaks to the wealthy, who were then supposed to spend that money to improve the economy and benefit middle- and lower-class people.
C) It was a very complicated theory that involved a variety of levels of tax increases and decreases, and property taxes to achieve maximum growth.
D) Trickle down economics asserted that water conservation measures needed to be implemented to save money and resources.
Q3) What president endorsed and developed the "Philadelphia Plan," on which most affirmative action programs were based?
A) Lyndon Johnson
B) Richard Nixon
C) Harry Truman
D) Ronald Reagan
Q4) Who led the "Rainbow Coalition"?
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