Quantitative Research Methods
Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Quantitative Research Methods is a foundational course that introduces students to the systematic investigation of phenomena through the collection and analysis of numerical data. The course covers essential topics such as research design, hypothesis formulation, variable identification, sampling techniques, and the use of statistical tools for data analysis. Students will learn how to develop research questions, select appropriate methodologies, and interpret quantitative results using software tools. The course emphasizes critical evaluation of quantitative studies and prepares students to conduct their own research projects, ensuring they can make data-driven decisions and contribute meaningfully to their respective fields.
Recommended Textbook
Understanding Research 2nd Edition by W. Lawrence Neuman
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Chapter 1: Why Do Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Quantitative Research experiments
A) are also called survey research.
B) do not follow the logic found in natural science research.
C) require a well-defined research question.
D) have nothing to do with science.
Answer: C
Q2) An ongoing process of accumulating information is______research.
Answer: empirical social
Q3) The product of research process is______.
Answer: knowledge or information
Q4) ______ should be collected carefully and systematically according to generally accepted rules or standards.
Answer: Empirical evidence
Q5) Tyler Jenson is a casino investor.He is thinking of building a casino in Iowa where there are several other successful casinos,but he is unsure about the local attitudes on gambling.He would like to do a little research on the community's social and moral attitudes toward gambling.What is the purpose of this research (exploring,describing,explaining,evaluating)? Explain your answer.
Answer: describing
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Chapter 2: Planning a Study
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT true for quantitative research?
A)Approach is deductive.
B)Path is linear.
C)Ideas are expressed in the form of district variables.
D)Data is in the form of words and images.
Answer: D
Q2) Explain empirically observable-what does it mean?
Answer: detect it and observe it using our senses
Q3) _______ are something in which we see a regularity,structure,or form.
Answer: Patterns
Q4) The______ is the unit on which the researcher measures variables and gathers data.
Answer: unit of analysis
Q5) A topic that is appropriate for social research generalizes social patterns that operate in aggregates and are empirically observable.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q6) In general,with quantitative data a researcher follows a(n)______ path.
Answer: linear
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Becoming an Ethical Researcher
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Sample Questions
Q1) A sponsor tells Mr.Marsh that it will pay for his research if the results come out a certain way.
A)The ethical choice is for him to refuse to continue the study.
B)He is conducting value free research.
C)Sponsors always request this.
D)Sponsors will not conduct research without this request.
Answer: A
Q2) Dr.Van Offer is conducting a research study that will expose the subjects to a great deal of stress.What might be one way to protect his subjects from harm?
A)Tell them to make out their wills before they start the study.
B)Screen potential candidates to ensure that no one is at high risk for heart attack,mental breakdown,etc.
C)Be deceptive and don't tell the subjects that they might be exposed to stress.
D)Tell them to take an anti-anxiety medication before they start the study.
Answer: B
Q3) What is the difference between research fraud and plagiarism?
Answer: Research fraud is deception or lying about data or a study,while plagiarism is stealing someone else's ideas or writings.
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Chapter 4: Sampling
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Q1) A(n)______ is a specific list of sampling elements in the target population.
Q2) What is a target population?
Q3) The crucial feature in snowball sampling is that each person or case has a(n)______ with one another.
Q4) Dr.Van Offer has a very large sample with very little diversity among cases,so his sampling error will be
A)very small.
B)very large.
C)the same as any other error.
D)bell-shaped.
Q5) A typical confidence level is 95 percent,meaning
A)that a researcher is 95 percent confident that the true population parameter falls within the range around what the researcher found in the sample.
B)chance of 5 percent error.
C)the research is wrong.
D)All of these answers are correct.
Q6) What are two critical features of true random processes?
Q7) A researcher may use ______sampling to sample a social network of people or linked organizations.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Measuring Social Life
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Q1) Least precise,lowest level of measurement is ______.
Q2) This term is used to address how well a researcher's measure of reality measures with the ideas she uses to understand that aspect of reality.What is this term?
A)value
B)reliability
C)reality
D)validity
Q3) ________ measures indicate a difference among categories.An example would be gender,religion,racial heritage,etc.
Q4) In a study with quantitative data,a researcher typically moves from the______ concepttoward a(n)______ measure.
Q5) What are two complications of index construction and why?
Q6) If a unit fits into one category only,it is or index fit together and measure a single concept,this is called
A)mutually inclusive.
B)unidirectional.
C)mutually desirable.
D)unipositional.
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Chapter 6: The Survey
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Q1) When respondents answer questions based on a context of preceding questions and theinterview setting,this is known as
A)conscientious bias.
B)continuing bias.
C)continental effect.
D)context effect.
Q2) Dr.Mottle asks respondents if they have an opinion about gas prices,and if they answer yes,she asks them to give their opinion in the second part of the question.What is the name used for this type of question?
A)quasi-filter
B)full-filter
C)full-filler
D)full-question
Q3) Writing good answer choices in a survey is not as important as writing a good question.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Good closed-format surveys have three features,mutually exclusive,exhaustive,and balanced.Discuss these three features and an example of each.
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Chapter 7: The Experiment
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Q1) What is a one-shot case study design?
Q2) Quasi-experimental design should always be used instead of experimental design when the researcher does not know how to conduct preexperimental designs.
A)True
B)False
Q3) _____ design allows a researcher to test for causal relationships in situations where a true experimental design is difficult or inappropriate.
Q4) In general,social experiments are better for narrowly targeted short-term micro-level concerns than for complex macro-level issues in which many factors work together.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is the difference between a classical experimental and quasi-experimental study?
Q6) When using a true random process,over the long run the odds are A)that the researcher tires of the experiment. B)all the people in the groups will be different. C)the people in the groups will be equal. D)even.
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Chapter 8: Research With Non-Reactive Measures
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Q1) ______ reliability is a measure of consistent measurements in content analysis across multiple coders.
Q2) Text appears in all communication media,including A)books.
B)speeches.
C)films.
D)All of these answers are correct.
Q3) Dr.Mottle is comparing data across two cities.If she adjusts the measures by a common base,she is A)creative.
B)standardizing the information.
C)using ecological fallacy.
D)using topic understanding.
Q4) People are not aware that they are being studied in nonreactive research. A)True B)False
Q5) ______ involves analyzing previously collected public data to answer new research questions.
Q6) To operationalize variables in content analysis,a researcher creates a(n)______ system.
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Chapter 9: Making Sense of the Numbers
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Q1) This measure is the most comprehensive measure of variability,giving an "average" difference between all scores and the mean.It is called what?
A)median
B)standard deviation
C)Z-score
D)mode
Q2) R-squared in multiple regression analysis is
A)always 20 percent.
B)based on improvement over zero.
C)considered good if it is at least .50.
D)never a helpful measurement.
Q3) A researcher gathering his/her own data needs to convert raw data into a computer-friendly format or engage in data coding.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A ______ error falsely accepts the null hypothesis when there is a relationship in the population.
Q5) Mr.Marsh lost his codebook at a meeting.Is this a problem? If so,why?
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Chapter 10: Observing People in Natural Settings
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Q1) Cultural knowledge has two parts,explicit and A)textile.
B)explanatory.
C)tacit.
D)tactile.
Q2) What is the most common ethical issue in field research?
A)deceit
B)confidentiality
C)privacy
D)gossip
Q3) A member in a field site with whom a researcher develops a relationship and who tells the researcher many details about life in the field state is called a(n)______.
Q4) The purpose of ethnography is
A)to provide a description of a population using historical documents.
B)to provide a description of a way of life from the standpoint of its insiders.
C)to explain why a specific religious sect uses varies articles of worship from the viewpoint of political candidates.
D)to provide a description of a population sample with historical and political documents.
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Chapter 11: Looking at the Past and Across Cultures
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Q1) If a researcher uses very different ways of measuring across different cultures,what type of equivalence is he using?
A)measurement equivalence
B)contextual equivalence
C)lexicon equivalence
D)metric equivalence
Q2) To be classified as history,an event must have happened at least ______ years ago.
A)15
B)7
C)10
D)12
Q3) Discuss ethical ramifications of historical-comparative research.
Q4) When a researcher uses a person's words or writings about past experiences,this is called using the person's ______.
Q5) For convenience,most comparative researchers use what as their unit of analysis?
A)state
B)country
C)continent
D)nation-state
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Writing a Research Report
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Q1) A scholar's audience that is interested in a detailed description of the research process is the
A)expert professionals.
B)public audience.
C)instructor audience.
D)management audience.
Q2) Discuss cause-effect relations in regard to survey or existing statistical methods.
Q3) Three steps in the writing process include prewriting,rewriting,and what?
A)integrating data
B)calculating
C)data processing
D)composing
Q4) Which is the main purpose of the CUR?
A)to promote undergraduate research
B)to promote faculty research
C)to promote graduate research
D)to promote high school research
Q5) A(n)______ is the organization that is looking for grants that fit certain topics.
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