Quantitative Research in Education Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
Quantitative Research in Education introduces students to the principles, methods, and applications of quantitative research within educational contexts. The course covers essential topics such as research design, hypothesis testing, sampling strategies, data collection techniques, and statistical analysis. Students will learn how to formulate research questions, develop surveys or experiments, analyze numerical data using software tools, and interpret findings to address educational issues. Emphasis is placed on understanding reliability, validity, and ethical considerations, enabling students to critically evaluate educational research and conduct their own studies grounded in quantitative methodology.
Recommended Textbook
Educational Research 5th Edition by John
W. Creswell
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Process of Conducting Research Using Quantitative
and Qualitative Approaches
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Q1) A stakeholder with an interest in your study asks you to highlight the positive results and leave out the negative results.What type of ethical issue have you breached if you follow the request?
A)The right to privacy
B)The need to actively look for ways to "give back"
C)The right to avoid from personal disclosure
D)The honest reporting of research
Answer: D
Q2) What type of research problem is best studied using a quantitative approach?
Answer: When the researcher wants to describe trends or explain relationships among variables.
Q3) In compiling a research report for audiences,the researcher should:
A)Report only findings that will not contradict the audience's predictions
B)Report when participants have misused data
C)Report the practical use of the study results
D)Report the favorable and deemphasize unfavorable results
Answer: C
Q4) What two research designs combine characteristics from both quantitative and qualitative research?
Answer: Mixed methods designs and action research designs
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Chapter 2: Identifying a Research Problem
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Q1) A research problem is
A)a problem that needs to be researched.
B)an issue or concern in education.
C)an important passage that begins a study.
D)the question being addressed in a study.
Answer: B
Q2) Assume that you would like to study the research problem of whether students with special needs should be included in the regular classroom.What factors would you consider in determining whether this problem is researchable? List three factors.
Answer: Possible answers: 1 - whether the study will contribute to knowledge and practice; 2 - whether I have access to people and sites to study; 3 - whether I have time,resources,and skills to conduct the study
Q3) Below are the five components typically found in a "statement of the problem" section of a research study.Order the components as they are found by placing a number in the space before the component.
Answer: __3___ justification of the problem __5___ audience __2___ the research problem __1___ the topic __4___ deficiencies of past research or practical knowledge
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Reviewing the Literature
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Q1) If you are new to a topic and have not studied or read about it before,it is useful to begin your literature review by consulting
A)papers posted to Web sites.
B)conference papers.
C)books reporting research studies.
D)summaries such as encyclopedias.
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following would most likely be found in the "my study" box in a literature map?
A)What are parents' experiences with school choice?
B)School choice as a factor in schooling.
C)My topic will be school choice.
D)Smith (1995)studied school choice.
Answer: A
Q3) Identify the aspects of a good abstract that are located in this quantitative abstract at the beginning of a research study.
Answer: The abstract includes the purpose,the data collection,and the findings.(Note:It is missing the research problem.)
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5
Chapter 4: Specifying a Purpose and Research Questions or
Hypotheses
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Q1) Who are the participants in the study?
Q2) Rewrite this poor example of a qualitative central research question:
Q3) Rewrite the following poor example of a quantitative research hypothesis:
Q4) The following is an example of what type of quantitative research question:
A)Descriptive question
B)Relationship question
C)Comparison question
D)Association question
Q5) What is the central phenomenon being studied?
Q6) The difference between a hypothesis and a research question is that the hypothesis
A)predicts what the researcher will expect to find.
B)hypothesizes the relationship among variables.
C)is a statement of fact rather than a question.
D)requires statistical testing in a research study.
Q7) List the dependent variable:
Q8) Identify the dependent variables:
Q9) Identify the independent variables:
Q10) What is the independent variable? Page 6
Q11) Identify the central phenomenon in this qualitative purpose statement.
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Page 7
Chapter 5: Collecting Quantitative Data
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Q1) Describe the purpose of having an informed consent form in a research study:
Q2) You are administering an instrument about weapon possession to high school students in a drama class.As you give instructions for completing the instrument,several students interrupt you and say that they will not complete the instrument.What should be your course of action?
A)Call their parents after school lets out.
B)Ask if they would consent to interviews.
C)Ask them to complete "safe" questions.
D)Allow them to not participate in the study.
Q3) A colleague asks you how to proceed from stating research hypotheses to obtaining scores in a quantitative study.You recognize this as the process of collecting quantitative data,and inform this colleague of four major steps.List the steps in order below:
Q4) For your study,you need to collect data one the practices of a teacher while conducting a classroom activity in a school.What type of instrument would be the best choice?
A)Interest inventory
B)Affective scale
C)Practice inventory
D)Behavioral checklist
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Chapter 6: Analyzing and Interpreting Quantitative Data
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Q1) Examine the following statement found in the conclusion to a quantitative research study:
A)summarizing the major results.
B)providing an explanation for the results.
C)sharing why evidence did not support predictions.
D)suggesting future research to strength the study.
Q2) You have just received data on the question below and you plan to score it for quantitative computer analysis.On the line in front of each response category,indicate the score you would assign for that response when you entered the response into a data grid or file for computer data analysis.
Q3) Why it is important to check for effect size in addition to hypothesis testing?
Q4) A quantitative researcher uses a data analysis computer program to sort the values of each variable into ascending order.The intent of this procedure is typically to A)clean up the data.
B)compute the mean.
C)answer a research question.
D)develop the codebook.
Q5) Briefly define the mean.
Q6) Briefly define the meaning of descriptive statistics.
Page 9
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Chapter 7: Collecting Qualitative Data
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Q1) A researcher shares her own struggles with "skipping school" as she interviews an at-risk high school student.What ethical issue is involved in this situation? Please explain.
Q2) From the following list,select the most important item to include on an interview protocol.
A)Questions to gather participant demographics
B)Possible probes associated with each question
C)Prompts to record fieldnotes
D)At least two numeric items
Q3) You are recording information on your observational protocol.What type of notes would you record on this protocol?
A)Participant fieldnotes
B)Reflective fieldnotes
C)Observational fieldnotes
D)Audio fieldnotes
Q4) Indicate the situation in which you might engage in this observational practice in qualitative research.
Q5) List two of the steps when collecting audio-visual material in qualitative research.
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Chapter 8: Analyzing and Interpreting Qualitative Data
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Q1) Qualitative researchers use qualitative analysis computer programs to
A)analyze the data for them.
B)transcribe interview recordings.
C)validate the findings.
D)assign labels or codes to data.
Q2) When writing a narrative discussion in a qualitative study,which of the following points is most important?
A)Change quotes to academic language
B)Report a single perspective
C)Report multiple perspectives
D)Minimize tensions or contradictions in experiences
Q3) What is the process in which the researcher determines the accuracy or credibility of findings?
A)Credibility analysis
B)Generalization
C)Accuracy review
D)Validation
Q4) What is a narrative discussion in qualitative research?
Q5) List the five elements to include in the final section in which you interpret findings for a qualitative study?
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Chapter 9: Reporting and Evaluating Research
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Q1) What is the form of a qualitative research report that provides a detailed account of people and places to carry the narrative?
A)Descriptive approach
B)Categorical approach
C)Performance approach
D)Scientific approach
Q2) You are looking at a journal article from a leading educational journal.You are trying to identify its physical structure.The following are good strategies to use to identify the structure EXCEPT?
A)You examine the number and type of levels of headings in the report.
B)You search for how the author answered each of the research questions.
C)You examine the number of pages given to each section of the study.
D)You locate the six steps in the process of research.
Q3) What is the form of a qualitative research report that emphasizes five major categories of information found in a study?
A)Storytelling approach
B)Categorical approach
C)Thematic approach
D)Scientific approach
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Page 12
Chapter 10: Experimental Designs
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Q1) The following are procedures undertaken before an experimental study begins EXCEPT
A)testing students on a pretest over the material.
B)matching students to both the control and experimental groups.
C)selecting a group of homogeneous students on select characteristics.
D)statistically controlling for covariates that may influence the outcome.
Q2) In an experiment,this type of group receives an alternative form of the treatment so that they benefit from the study.
A)Experimental group
B)Control group
C)Comparison group
D)Alternate group
Q3) What serves as the control in single subject research?
A)Matched participants serve as the control
B)The target behavior serves as the control
C)The comparison condition serves as the control
D)Each participant serves as his or her own control
Q4) In experimental research,groups on some independent variable are compared in terms of outcomes on a dependent variable.Identify the independent variable and the groups in this experimental study.
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Chapter 11: Correlational Designs
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Q1) Which one of the following is a good example of the concept of co-variance in correlational research?
A)Two scores vary back and forth.
B)A high positive correlation exists between two scores.
C)You can predict one score from the other.
D)There is variance between two scores.
Q2) If you were to examine two plots of scores on two scatterplots and draw circles around the scores,which two plots listed below would be the most similar in form?
A)Positive linear and positive uncorrelated
B)Positive linear and negative linear
C)Curvilinear and no correlation
D)Curvilinear and negative linear
Q3) The following are correlation coefficients that you might find when correlating scores for two variables EXCEPT?
A)- 1.35
B)- 1.00
C)- .80
D)- .01
Q4) Examine Table 1,the correlation matrix of all of the variables in the study.What
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Chapter 12: Survey Designs
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Q1) Select the best reason for conducing a pilot test of a questionnaire.
A)To provide response data to begin analyzing sooner
B)To improve the response rate for the questionnaire
C)To prenotify participants of your intent to send the questionnaire
D)To determine that the individuals in the sample can understand the questions
Q2) A researcher conducts a study of adolescents and their smoking behaviors.In reporting the results,the researcher mentions the names of specific students who are only occasional smokers.What specific ethical issue is presented in this study?
A)The issue of studying and reporting on a sensitive topic
B)The issue of putting the students at risk of encouraging smoking
C)The issue of linking specific participants with identifiable information
D)The issue of not destroying survey instrument after the study concludes
Q3) In survey research,a sample is drawn from a population and the results of the study generalized to the population.What option below best characterizes the population in this study?
A)The population was all sixth-graders in Western Oregon.
B)The population was all sixth-graders and all ninth-graders in Western Oregon.
C)The population was all youth readers in Western Oregon.
D)The population was all teachers and youth readers in Western Oregon.
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Page 15
Chapter 13: Grounded Theory Designs
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Q1) A grounded theory researcher identifies a phrase mentioned by a participant in a study.This phrase is then used by the researcher as a category in the research study.This phrase is considered to be what type of code?
A)An open code
B)An axial code
C)An in vivo code
D)A category code
Q2) In open coding in grounded theory research,what would be the order,from the broadest to the narrowest term,of the following terms?
A)Category,property,and dimensionalized property
B)Category,dimensionalized property,property
C)Dimensionalized property,property,category
D)Property,dimensionalized property,category
Q3) What statement below BEST captures why a grounded theorist engages in memoing during a study?
A)To keep a daily log of activities during the study
B)To send ideas to other researchers on the team
C)To elaborate on ideas in the data and in the categories
D)To reflect on the emerging theory that has been developed
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Page 16
Chapter 14: Ethnographic Designs
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Q1) How would you adjust this ethnographic purpose statement to change the study to a grounded theory project?
Q2) Which of the following is a procedural characteristic of critical ethnography?
A)Focus on one individual and the cultural context of his or her life.
B)Advocate for change so that people are less oppressed and marginalized.
C)Produce participants' views from carefully edited quotations.
D)Focus on a critical,reflective self-examination within the researcher's own culture.
Q3) Fieldwork in ethnographic research means
A)that qualitative researchers tend to go out in the field.
B)that qualitative researchers gather data in the field.
C)that qualitative researchers work from participant views.
D)that qualitative researchers engage in analyzing field data.
Q4) A researcher conducts an ethnographic study of three high schools who have introduced AIDS education into their curricula.What type of case study is this?
A)A curriculum case study
B)An intrinsic case study
C)An instrumental case study
D)A collective case study
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Chapter 15: Narrative Research Designs
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Q1) In narrative research,these are the movements of individuals through the story illustrating the character's thinking or behaviors.What is this narrative element?
A)Characters
B)Actions
C)Problem
D)Resolution
Q2) A narrative researcher has collected stories from a research participant through five hours of conversations.These conversations are transcribed.In order to tell the story of this individual,the researcher now needs to analyze the transcriptions.From the options listed below,what is the researcher primarily looking for as she analyzes the text?
A)A theory of the individual's life experiences
B)The stories about how the culture of the individual works
C)The themes that emerge from the conversations
D)The key elements of the individual's story
Q3) Why would Chan study the experiences of one Chinese immigrant student in this narrative study?
Q4) List three of the criteria for evaluating a narrative research
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Chapter 16: Mixed Methods Designs
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Q1) A mixed methods researcher decides to study the use of smokeless tobacco among high school students.The specific interest of the researcher is in examining what factors contribute to students becoming frequent users of smokeless tobacco.Further,variables can easily be identified from the literature on this topic,and thus the researcher plans to first conduct a survey with the high school students and then follow up with interviews with a few students.Which of the following designs characterizes this mixed methods design?
A)A social justice mixed methods design
B)A convergent mixed methods design
C)An exploratory sequential mixed methods design
D)An explanatory sequential mixed methods design
Q2) What is meant by the term "priority" when it is used in mixed methods research?
A)Whether quantitative or qualitative data are given increased emphasis
B)Whether the title to the study indicates a "priority" for mixed methods research
C)Whether the interpretation is given a "priority" in the mixed methods study
D)Whether quantitative or qualitative data are collected first in the study
Q3) List three of the criteria for evaluating a mixed methods study.
Q4) In what ways do the authors give "priority" to quantitative research in this study? Mention at least two ways.
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Chapter 17: Action Research Designs
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Q1) A teacher in a social studies high school class wishes to study whether students are applying historical concepts to the current issues being reported in local newspapers.Both quantitative survey data and interviews are collected during this project.Students are required to participate in the project as one of their assignments during their academic units.What ethical issue in this action research project should the teacher be concerned about?
A)The fact that students do not all like history
B)That the survey has strong evidence of validity
C)That the teachers has a bias about the value of history in society
D)That students should not be coerced into participating in the study
Q2) In an action research study,a researcher would like to collaborate with individuals on the project.What is the likely reason for this collaboration?
A)To develop generalizable results and plans of action
B)To solve problems facing the national educational system
C)To equally share the rewards from publication of the study
D)To obtain assistance with data collection and analysis
Q3) What is the practical problem that Heil hopes to solve in this action research study?
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