Quantitative Methods in Social Sciences Final Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Quantitative Methods in Social Sciences introduces students to the statistical and computational techniques used to analyze social phenomena. The course covers foundational topics such as research design, data collection, and hypothesis testing, alongside descriptive and inferential statistics. Students gain practical experience in using statistical software to manage datasets, perform regression analysis, and interpret quantitative results. Emphasis is placed on developing critical thinking and data literacy skills, enabling students to evaluate empirical research and effectively communicate quantitative findings within the context of social science inquiries.
Recommended Textbook
Answering Questions With Statistics 1st Edition by Robert F. Szafran
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Q1) The categories of a variable have ONLY the following properties: the categories are different and the categories have rank order. What level of measurement does this variable have?
A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval/ratio
Answer: B
Q2) In the statement "Watching violence on TV causes an increase in a person's tolerance for aggression," the independent variable is
A) parental attitude toward TV
B) person's age
C) tolerance of aggression
D) watching violence on TV
Answer: D
Q3) For the following pair of variables, which is the more likely DEPENDENT variable: occupation and race?
A) occupation
B) race
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Data Sets
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Q1) Convert this number from scientific notation into normal notation: 7.89E+03
A) 7890
B) .00789
C) .00789
D) 7890
Answer: A
Q2) Since they play no part in statistical analysis, of what use are variable labels and value labels?
Answer: They tell/remind persons using the data file or the output what the variable names and attribute codes represent
Q3) Convert this number from normal notation into scientific notation: .000456
A) 4.56E 04
B) 4.56E+04
C) 4.56E 04
D) 4.56E+04
Answer: A
Q4) What characters can SPSS variable names begin with?
Answer: SPSS variable names must begin with a letter or @. Under certain circumstances, names may also begin with a # or $.
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Chapter 3: Frequency Tables and Univariate Charts
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Sample Questions
Q1) Answer the question that follows this SPSS output
This histogram presents data for the variable "number of siblings." The first bin represents persons with
A) 0 siblings
B) 1 siblings
C) 0 or 1 siblings
D) 0, 1, or 2 siblings
(Note: * indicates
Answer: C
Q2) What is the lowest level of measurement for which you can legitimately use a bar chart?
A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval/ratio
Answer: A
Q3) What kinds of questions are answered with valid percents from a frequency table?
Answer: questions about the percent of non-missing cases in each category of the variable
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Central Tendency and Dispersion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Six college students have the following number of TV shows they watch regularly: 0, 1, 3, 3, 5, 6. Compute the following statistics based on these values:mean: _____ median: _____ mode: _____ range: _____ minimum: _____ maximum: _____
Q2) What is the lowest level of measurement for which it is permissible to calculate a mean?
A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval/ratio
Q3) If the mean on an exam was 75 and the standard deviation was 5, what do you know about the distribution of exam grades around the mean?
Q4) Exactly half the class got a 70 on an exam and exactly half got a 90 on the exam. The median is
A) 71
B) 80
C) 89
D) 70 and 90
Q5) What univariate statistics are usually used to describe the distribution of cases on a nominal variable?
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Chapter 5: Creating New Variables
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is correct about the order of arithmetic operations used by SPSS?
A) addition is done before subtraction
B) anything within parentheses is done last C) multiplication is done before addition D) multiplication is done before division
Q2) You want to Compute a new variable that adds 5 to the average of TEST1, TEST2, and TEST3. The new variable should be computed only if valid scores exist for all three tests. Write out the numeric expression that would accomplish this.
Q3) You are computing a new variable called CRIMEALL. It is the average of four variables already in your data set: CRIMESA, CRIMESB, CRIMESC, and CRIMESD. Write the numeric expression (formula) for a compute command that averages these four variables but only if all four of the CRIME variables being averaged have valid values.
Q4) Why are z-scores useful?
Q5) When would you use Recode and when would you use Compute?
Q6) How can missing data be handled when constructing an index?
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Chapter 6: Comparing Group Means
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the Means procedure, the lowest level of measurement that the independent variable (the variable that is used to create the groups) can be is
A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval/ratio
Q2) Answer the questions that follow this SPSS output:
A) What is the mean income of female social work majors? __________
B) Which subgroup has the greatest variability on income? (Specify the major and the gender of the subgroup.) _______________
C) Is there a main effect for gender? (yes/no)
D) State the numerical evidence that supports your conclusion about a main effect for gender.
Q3) Based on the following output, which conclusion is correct?
A) For every group, women averaged more TVHOURS than men.
B) For every group, there was more variability among women than men on TVHOURS.
C) For every group, there were more women than men.
D) No group averaged more than 3.50 TVHOURS.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Crosstab Tables
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Q1) Answer the questions that follow this SPSS output:
A) What percent of Catholics approve of women working? [Hint: you must calculate the answer.] __________
B) What percentage of all the respondents represented in the table are Catholics who disapprove of women working? [Hint: you must calculate the answer.] __________
C) If you wanted to assess the effect of the independent variable (RELIG) on the dependent variable (FEWORK), should you use row percents, column percents, or total percents? _______________
Q2) What conclusions about the job satisfaction of never-married, currently-married, and previously-married persons can you draw from the following clustered bar chart?
Q3) In the CROSSTABS procedure, the lowest level of measurement that the column variable can be is
A) nominal
B) ordinal C) interval/ratio
Q4) What kinds of questions can you answer using a crosstab table?
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Nominal and Ordinal Measures of Association
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a nominal measure of association?
A) coefficient of contingency
B) Kendall's tau-b
C) Kendall's tau-c
D) Somers' d
Q2) The height of a child and the age of a child are
A) inversely related
B) negatively related
C) positively related
Q3) What are the names of two ordinal measures of association?
Q4) What is the difference between a symmetric and an asymmetric measure of association?
Q5) If two variables are inversely related, cases that have low scores on one variable will tend to have _____ scores on the other variable.
A) high
B) low
C) missing
Q6) What kinds of questions can you answer using a measure of association?
Q7) What is the difference between a concordant pair of cases and a discordant pair of cases?
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Chapter 9: Pearsons Correlation and Bivariate Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) The best way to visually portray the relationship between two interval/ratio, continuous variables is with a
A) clustered bar chart
B) histogram
C) pie chart
D) scatterplot
Q2) What information does a coefficient of determination provide?
Q3) If the coefficient of determination for a regression equation is .25, what is the value of the coefficient of alienation? __________
Q4) For each of the following cases, the case's actual value on the dependent variable is shown along with the case's predicted value on the dependent variable based on a regression equation. For each case, what is the value of the regression residual?
Q5) The Pearson's r for variables D and E is .88. Cases which have a low value on D are A) likely to have a low value on E B) likely to have a high value on E C) equally likely to have a high or low value on E
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Chapter 10: Multiple Regression
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Q1) If you want to see which factor (age at marriage, educational level, or income) had the strongest net effect on marital happiness, what is an appropriate statistical technique to use?
A) Bivariate Correlation
B) Compute
C) Explore
D) Linear Regression
Q2) What information does a standardized coefficient provide?
Q3) When would you use Crosstabs to look at the net effects of two independent variables on a dependent variable and when would you use Linear Regression?
Q4) Answer the questions that follow this SPSS output:
If the three variables in the correlation matrix were all used as independent variables in a single multiple regression analysis, would there be a multicollinearity problem?
A) State yes or no. __________
B) Justify your answer by referring to one or more statistics in the matrix.
Q5) How can a nominal variable with three attributes be used as a regression independent variable?
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Chapter 11: Sampling Distributions and Normal Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The length of time presidents of universities stay in office is normally distributed with a mean of 5 years and a standard deviation of 2 years. What percent of university presidents stay in office
A) More than 9 years? __________
B) Less than 3 years? __________
C) Between 3 and 7 years? __________
D) Is this problem about a frequency distribution or a sampling distribution? (frequency / sampling)
E) What is the median number of years university presidents stay in office?
Q2) A researcher takes a sample of 500 employed college graduates and asks them how long it took them to find a job after college. In the sample the average length of time was 65 days. Our researcher estimates the value of the standard error to be 5 days. Complete the following statements:
A) The sample result was __________ with a margin of error of ___________ and a level of confidence of 68 percent.
B) I am 95 percent sure that the true average # of days to find a job after college is between __________ and __________.
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Chapter 12: Hypothesis Testing and One-Sample T Tests
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Q1) What kinds of questions can you answer using a one-sample t test?
Q2) Answer the questions that follow this SPSS output:
Your research hypothesis is "In the population, the average number of hours spent using the Internet is greater than 3.00." ( )
A) State the null hypothesis being tested.
B) Is this a one-tailed or two-tailed hypothesis?
C) Are your sample results consistent with the null hypothesis or the research hypothesis? (null / research)
D) What is the probability of getting the sample results you got if the null hypothesis is true? (If this step in hypothesis testing can be skipped, write the word "SKIP".)
E) What is your conclusion? (In other words, do you "reject" or "not reject" the null hypothesis based on these results?)
F) Are your results statistically significant? (yes / no)
G) You can be 95% sure that the true average number of hours spent using the Internet for the population is between __________ and __________.
Q3) What are the four steps in hypothesis testing?
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Chapter 13: Paired and Independent-Samples T Tests
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Q1) Two researchers measure attitudes toward capital punishment in the year 2000 and again in the year 2005. One researcher uses a panel study design (the same persons are questioned in 2000 and in 2005); the other uses a trend study design (different samples from the population are questioned in 2000 and 2005). In analyzing the data that was collected,
A) both researchers should use paired-sample t tests
B) both researchers should use independent-samples t tests
C) the panel study researcher should use paired-sample t tests but the trend study researcher should use independent-samples t tests
D) the panel study researcher should use independent-samples t tests but the trend study researcher should use paired-samples t tests
Q2) Independent-samples t tests compare means for how many variables for how many groups of cases?
Q3) Why are paired samples called that?
Q4) When does a researcher risk making a Type I error?
Q5) Write a research hypothesis and its companion null hypothesis that could be tested with an independent-samples t test.
Q6) When does a researcher risk making a Type II error?
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Chapter 14: Analysis of Variance
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Q1) Why is one-way ANOVA better than repeated independent-sample t tests for comparing means for three or more groups?
A) one-way ANOVA allows for a nominal dependent variable
B) one-way ANOVA is more likely to find a significant difference
C) repeated independent-samples t tests increase the chance of a Type I error
D) repeated independent-samples t tests increase the chance of multicollinearity
Q2) There is almost always an interaction effect present in the sample data, so why isn't there almost always a significant interaction effect?
Q3) You want to know if there are any significant differences between the means of three groups, and, if so, between which groups. Which would be an appropriate procedure to use?
A) Frequencies
B) One Sample T Test
C) One-Way ANOVA
D) Paired-Samples T Test
Q4) What kinds of questions can you answer using a two-way analysis of variance?
Q5) Does the one-way ANOVA research hypothesis claim that in the population, every group's mean differs from every other group's mean? Explain.
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Chapter 15: Chi-Square
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Q1) Variables included in a chi-square hypothesis test can have which levels of measurement?
Q2) Your research hypothesis is "In the population, the effect of type of vehicle being driven on average speed differs by driver's sex." What type of hypothesis test should be used?
A) one-sample t test
B) independent samples t test
C) one-way ANOVA
D) two-way ANOVA
E) chi-square
Q3) You want to know if there is a significant relationship between race and academic major. Which would be an appropriate procedure to use?
A) Chi-Square Test
B) One Sample T Test
C) One-Way ANOVA
D) Paired-Samples T Test
Q4) What should you do next if chi-square is significant?
Q5) What does a positive cell residual tell you? A negative cell residual? A zero cell residual?
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Chapter 16: Hypothesis Testing With Measures of
Association and Regression
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Q1) What kinds of questions can you answer using tests of significance for measures of association?
Q2) Your research hypothesis is that there is an association (as indicated by Cramer's V) between race and highest educational degree. Based on the following output, the sample results are consistent with the _____, the significance level is _____, and the null hypothesis is _____.
\[\begin{array}{l}
\text { Symmetric Measures }\\
\begin{array} { | l l | r | r | }
\hline & & \text { Value } & \text { Approx, Sig. } \\
\hline \text { Nominal by Nominal } & \text { Phi } & .278 & .000 \\ & \text { Cramer's V } & .196 & .000 \\ { \mathrm { N } \text { of Valid Cases } } & & 450 & \\
\hline
\end{array}
\end{array}\]
A) null hypothesis .000 not rejected
B) null hypothesis skipped rejected
C) research hypothesis .000 rejected
D) research hypothesis skipped not rejected
Page 18
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