Quantitative Methods in Psychology Test Preparation
Course Introduction
Quantitative Methods in Psychology introduces students to the fundamental statistical techniques and research designs used in psychological science. This course covers descriptive and inferential statistics, probability theory, hypothesis testing, correlation, regression, and analysis of variance, emphasizing the application of these methods to real-world psychological data. Students will learn how to select appropriate statistical tests, interpret results, and critically evaluate research findings. The course also incorporates the use of statistical software for data analysis, enabling students to develop practical skills essential for conducting rigorous psychological research.
Recommended Textbook Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 3rd Edition by Gregory J. Privitera
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18 Chapters
1400 Verified Questions
1400 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Interval scales of measurement
A) have equidistant scales.
B) have a true zero.
C) have equidistant scales and a true zero.
Answer: A
Q2) ______ refer(s)to how the properties of numbers can change with different uses.
A) Measurability
B) Operational definition
C) Scales of measurement
D) Coding
Answer: C
Q3) Researchers who measure qualitative variables can also measure those that are quantitative in the same study.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) The duration of attention (in seconds)is a ratio scale measurement.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Summarizing Data: Frequency Distributions in
Tables and Graphs
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Sample Questions
Q1) When cumulating frequencies from the bottom up,the data are discussed in terms of A) at most.
B) less than.
C) at or below.
D) all of these.
Answer: D
Q2) A relative frequency is typically used with smaller,but not larger,data sets.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Summarizing data in a table or graph can make it easier to see patterns in the data.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Bar charts are used to summarize discrete and categorical data.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Summarizing Data: Central Tendency
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Sample Questions
Q1) The mode is an appropriate measure of central tendency for A) data that are bimodal.
B) use with other measures of central tendency.
C) data that are on a nominal scale.
D) all of these.
Answer: D
Q2) The mode can be used with the mean to describe which of the following variables?
A) rankings
B) gender
C) the winning percentage of teams in a league
D) all of these
Answer: C
Q3) The ______ is the middle value in a distribution of scores that are listed in numeric order.
A) mean
B) median
C) mode
D) range
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Summarizing Data: Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fractiles are ways that data can be divided into two or more equal parts.An example of a fractile includes
A) the median.
B) quartiles.
C) percentiles.
D) all of these.
Q2) Suppose a researcher selects a sample of 19 participants and computes SS = 162.In this example,the standard deviation is 3.
A)True
B)False
Q3) How is the sample variance computed differently from the population variance?
A) Only one formula includes a computation for SS.
B) The calculation in the numerator is different.
C) The calculation in the denominator is different.
D) None of these; the sample variance and population variance are computed the same.
Q4) The interquartile range and semi-interquartile range are the same measure.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Probability
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Sample Questions
Q1) Bayes's theorem is most often applied to situations in which probability is not calculated.
A)True
B)False
Q2) When the sum of the probabilities of two outcomes is exhaustive of all possible outcomes,these outcomes are referred to as A) mutually exclusive. B) complementary. C) independent. D) conditional.
Q3) Bayes's theorem is a conditional probability formula. A)True
B)False
Q4) Bayes's theorem is often applied to a variety of ______ probability situations,including those related to statistical inference. A) generic B) absolute
C) conditional D) fixed
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Chapter 6: Probability, normal Distributions, and Z Scores
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher records the following time spent sleeping per night (in hours)in a group of participants: 5.8 ± 1.8 (M ± SD).The researcher decides to categorize participants who sleep between 6 and 8 hr as moderate sleepers.What percentage of participants fell in this category?
A) about 39%
B) about 11%
C) about 35%
D) about 7%
Q2) A researcher wants to know the probability of being named on the honor roll from a population where 8% of students are on the honor roll.If the researcher selects a sample of 400 students,then what is the mean number of students expected to be on the honor roll? Hint: This is a binomial distribution,where p = 0.08 and q = 0.92.
A) 29
B) 32
C) 368
D) 200
Q3) Most behavioral phenomena are believed to approximate the normal distribution.
A)True
B)False
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Probability and Sampling Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Suppose that a researcher selects a sample of participants from a population.If the shape of the distribution in this population is positively skewed,then what is the shape of the sampling distribution of sample means?
A) approximately positively skewed
B) approximately negatively skewed
C) approximately normally distributed
D) there is not enough information to answer this question because the population mean and variance are not given
Q2) The following samples were selected by two researchers.Which is associated with a smaller standard error of the mean?
Researcher A: n = 25,\(\mu\) = 5, \(\sigma\)= 7.
Researcher B: n = 25,\(\mu\)= 32, \(\sigma\) = 7.
A) Researcher A.
B) Researcher B.
C) They both have the same standard error.
Q3) The sample mean is an unbiased estimator of the population mean only when we divide SS by df.
A)True
B)False
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing: Significance,effect Size,and
Power
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Sample Questions
Q1) A large effect size means that Cohen's d is at least equal to .80. A)True B)False
Q2) A researcher reports that the size of an effect in some population is d = 0.88.Which of the following is an appropriate interpretation for d?
A) The effect observed in the population was significant.
B) Mean scores were significant by 0.88 points in the sample.
C) Mean scores were significant by 0.88 points in the population.
D) Mean scores shifted 0.88 standard deviations in the population.
Q3) Based on the effect size conventions,d = 0.18 is a A) small effect size. B) medium effect size. C) large effect size.
Q4) The critical values are reported with the test statistic of a one-sample z test using APA format.
A)True B)False
Q5) A null finding is a decision to retain a null hypothesis that is correct. A)True B)False
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Chapter 9: Testing Means: One-Sample and
Two-Independent-Sample T Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) Normality,random sampling,and independence are all assumptions for the one-sample t test.
A)True
B)False
Q2) \(\eta\)<sup>2</sup> is computed ______ for the one-sample and the two-independent-sample t tests.
A) differently
B) infinitely
C) similarly
D) semantically
Q3) The ______ is an inferential statistic used to determine the number of standard deviations in a t distribution that a sample mean deviates from the mean value or mean difference stated in the null hypothesis.
A) t distribution
B) t statistic
C) standard error
D) degrees of freedom
Q4) Measures of proportion of variance are computed the same for all t tests.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Testing Means: Truehe Related-Samples T Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher measures deviant behavior in a sample of 12 children from abusive homes (Sample A).Another researcher measures the same behavior in a sample of 18 children from abusive homes (Sample B).Which sample is associated with larger degrees of freedom?
A) Sample A
B) Sample B
C) Each sample has the same degrees of freedom.
D) There is not enough information to answer this question.
Q2) A researcher asks a sample of brothers and sisters to rate how positive their family environment was during childhood.In this study,the differences in ratings between each brother and sister pair were compared.The type of design described here is called a
A) repeated-measures design.
B) matched-samples design.
C) repeated-measures design and matched-samples design.
Q3) Each of the following is needed to compute the estimated Cohen's d,except
A) the mean difference.
B) the standard error.
C) the standard deviation of difference scores.
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Chapter 11: Estimation and Confidence Intervals
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Sample Questions
Q1) The estimation formula for the one-sample t is M ± t(s<sub>M</sub>).
A)True
B)False
Q2) If the value stated by a null hypothesis is ______ the confidence interval,then the decision would have likely been to retain the null hypothesis.
A) inside
B) outside
Q3) A researcher estimates the 90% CI for a sample with a mean of M = 8.9 and a standard error ( \(\sigma\)<sub>M</sub>)of 2.1.What is the confidence interval at this level of confidence?
A) 90% CI 4.8, 13.0
B) 90% CI 5.5, 12.4
C) 90% CI 6.8, 11.0
D) There is not enough information to answer this question.
Q4) If the null hypothesis is outside the confidence interval,then the decision was likely to ______ using hypothesis testing.
A) reject the null hypothesis
B) retain the null hypothesis
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Analysis of Variance: One-Way
Between-Subjects Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) ANOVA stands for ______.
A) analysis of variety
B) analysis of variable attributes
C) analysis of variance
D) association of novel operating variable analyses
Q2) To summarize the results of a one-way between-subjects ANOVA test,we report the test statistic,the degrees of freedom,and the p value.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A researcher conducts two studies on self-perception.In Study 1,24 participants rate how positively they view themselves (on a 5-point scale)in one of three groups (n = 8 per group).In Study 2,the researcher conducts a similar study,except that k = 3 and n = 8.If SS<sub>BG</sub> = 28 and SS<sub>E</sub> = 42 in both studies,then in which study will the decision be to reject the null hypothesis at a .05 level of significance for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA?
A) Study 1
B) Study 2
C) both
D) none
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Analysis of Variance: One-Way Within-Subjects
Repeated-Measuresdesign
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Sample Questions
Q1) The between-persons variation is measured for the one-way within-subjects ANOVA.
A)True
B)False
Q2) "Within subjects" is also called ______.
A) between subjects
B) within groups
C) repeated measures
D) random sampling
Q3) A researcher computes a one-way within-subjects ANOVA for a study in which participants are observed across five groups.If the degrees of freedom error is 56,then how many participants were observed in this study?
A) 4
B) 14
C) 15
D) 55
Q4) If participant responding is consistent between groups,then the one-way within-subjects ANOVA will have higher power to detect an effect compared with the one-way between-subjects ANOVA.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Analysis of Variance: Two-Way
Between-Subjects Factorial Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher measures differences in recall between participants watching a regular or a 3-D movie clip with a romance,drama,or action theme.Different participants were observed in each group.What type of statistical design is appropriate for this study?
A) one-way between-subjects ANOVA
B) one-way within-subjects ANOVA
C) two-way between-subjects ANOVA
D) one-way within-subjects ANOVA and two-way between-subjects ANOVA
Q2) An A * B interaction is associated with 2 degrees of freedom in a 2 * 3 between-subjects ANOVA design.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A researcher computes a 4 * 4 between-subjects ANOVA and finds two significant main effects and a significant interaction.What is typically the next appropriate step?
A) compute pairwise comparisons for each main effect
B) compute simple main effect tests for each main effect
C) compute pairwise comparisons for the interaction
D) compute simple main effect tests for the interaction
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Correlation
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Sample Questions
Q1) The normality assumption states that the population of X and Y scores form a bivariate ("two variable")normal distribution,such that ______.
A) the population of X and Y scores are normally distributed
B) for each X score, the distribution of Y scores is normally distributed
C) for each Y score, the distribution of X scores is normally distributed
D) all of these
Q2) The formula for the Spearman correlation coefficient was derived from the formula for the Pearson correlation coefficient.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A researcher observes a correlation of values from 2 to 10 points and draws conclusions about the full range of values in the population from 0 to 21 points.Which limitation for correctly interpreting a correlation coefficient did the researcher violate?
A) reverse causality
B) restriction of range
C) a confound variable
D) homoscedasticity
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Chapter 16: Linear Regression and Multiple Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the mean square residual equals 0.93,then the standard error of estimate equals 0.39.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A researcher measures the extent to which years of marriage predict perceptions of forgiveness.Which factor is the criterion variable in this example?
A) years of marriage
B) perceptions of forgiveness
C) both years of marriage and perceptions of forgiveness
D) none of these
Q3) To standardize the beta coefficients,we first ______.
A) analyze the significance of each data point
B) analyze the residual variation
C) convert the original data to standardized z scores
D) compute the standard error of estimate
Q4) The "left-over" or remaining variation attributed to error in an analysis of regression is called residual variation.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Nonparametric Tests: Chi-Square Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) When the chi-square test for independence is significant,this indicates that two categorical variables are independent.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The value of the test statistic for a chi-square test is equal to 0 when there is no difference between observed and expected frequencies,and it gets larger,or more positive,as the differences get larger.
A)True
B)False
Q3) To appropriately interpret the chi-square goodness-of-fit test,it is necessary to compare differences ______.
A) at each level of the categorical variable
B) across the levels of the categorical variable C) within and between expected frequencies
Q4) One restriction for measuring frequency data is that the size of expected frequencies should never be less than five in a given cell.
A)True
B)False
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19
Chapter 18: Nonparametric Tests: Tests for Ordinal Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) Variance can't be used to analyze ordinal scale data,because these data do not meaningfully convey distance.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A researcher computes a related-samples sign test in which the number of positive ranks is 9 and the number of negative ranks is 3.The test statistic (x)is equal to ______.
A) 3
B) 9
C) 12
D) There is not enough information to answer this question.
Q3) A professor ranks the grades of students in each of three sections of a statistics course.He computes H = 6.83 for the Kruskal-Wallis H test to test for differences between the sections.What is the decision for this test?
A) retain the null hypothesis
B) reject the null hypothesis
C) there is not enough information to answer this question
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