Quantitative Methods in Psychology Review
Questions
Course Introduction
Quantitative Methods in Psychology provides students with a comprehensive understanding of the statistical techniques used to analyze psychological data. The course covers topics such as measurement theory, descriptive and inferential statistics, hypothesis testing, regression, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Emphasis is placed on the application of quantitative methods to real-world psychological research, including designing experiments, interpreting statistical results, and drawing valid conclusions. Students will gain practical skills in using statistical software to manage and analyze data, ensuring they are well-prepared to conduct and evaluate empirical studies in psychology.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for People Who Think They Hate Statistics 6th Edition by Neil J. Salkind
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2
Chapter 1: Statistics or Sadistics Its up to You
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Q1) Don't skip lessons-work through the chapters in sequence because ______.
A)each chapter is important
B)each chapter is full of information
C)each chapter provides a foundation for the next chapter
D)each chapter is useful
Answer: C
Q2) Inferential statistics is most often used for which of the following?
A)summarizing data
B)organizing data
C)interpreting data
D)collecting data
Answer: C
Q3) What term is defined as a set of tools and techniques used for describing, organizing, and interpreting data?
A)inference
B)population
C)sample
D)statistics
Answer: D
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Means to an End: Computing and Understanding Averages
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Q1) Why is the mean the most frequently used measure of central tendency?
Answer: When the distribution of scores is free of outliers (i.e., extreme scores), the mean tends to be the most precise measure of central tendency.
Q2) What is the symbol used to represent the mean?
A)N
B)n
C) \[\bar { x }\]
D)X
Answer: C
Q3) What is the formula for calculating the mean? What does each of the symbols represent?
Answer: X / n, where represents summation, X represents individual scores, and n represents the sample size.
Q4) If you know M = 5, and the sum of scores is 20, what is n?
A)4
B).25
C)100
D)need more information
Answer: A
4
Chapter 3: Vive La Différence: Understanding Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the standard deviation for the following set of scores: 10, 15, 12, 18, 19, 16, 12?
A)3.36
B)11.29
C)6.47
D)17.78
Answer: A
Q2) How are the standard deviation and the variance similar? How are they different?
Answer: The standard deviation and variance are similar in that both are measures of variability and both are computed using similar formulas.They are different because the standard deviation is stated in the original units from which it is derived while the variance is stated in squared units.
Q3) Which of the following is one way to represent the standard deviation?
A)s
B)s²
C)s(2)
D)s / n
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: A Picture Really Is Worth a Thousand Words
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Q1) Which of the following is the best range of number of data points for a class interval?
A)40
B)80
C)20
D)8
Q2) Should a chart alone convey what we often want to say?
A)no
B)yes
C)probably
D)not sure
Q3) Besides histograms and polygons, describe four types of charts commonly used in behavioral and social sciences to illustrate data.
Q4) More is more; the more functions, features, and so forth you can include on a graph, the better.
A)True
B)False
Q5) A graph should communicate only one idea.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Ice Cream and Crime: Computing Correlation
Coefficients
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Q1) The ______ is used to summarize the correlations between a set of variables:
A)scatterplot
B)correlation
C)correlation matrix
D)scatterplot matrix
Q2) Which of the following refers to a correlation between two variables?
A)bicorrelate
B)bivariate
C)two-way variance
D)two-way analysis
Q3) The amount of unexplained variance in a relationship between two variables is called _______.
A)coefficient of determination
B)coefficient of alienation
C)Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient
D)phi coefficient
Q4) If two variables are correlated, this implies that one variable causes the other.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Just the Truth: An Introduction to Understanding
Reliability and Validity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a measure of validity?
A)content validity
B)parallel forms validity
C)criterion validity
D)construct validity
Q2) The _______ is the difference between the observed and true scores.
A)score differential
B)score difference
C)error score
D)error of approximation
Q3) When we calculate reliability, we know the observed score.What are the two unknown components of the reliability equation?
A)method and error scores
B)means and standard deviations
C)test-retest and interrater scores
D)true and error scores
Q4) Explain the formula for understanding observed scores.What is included in any observed score?
Page 8
Q5) When should you use construct validity?
Q6) What are the traditional types of validity?
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Page 9
Chapter 7: Hypotheticals and You: Testing Your Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you were to hypothesize that test scores from Classroom A will be higher than test scores from Classroom B, you would have a _______.
A)directional research hypothesis
B)nondirectional research hypothesis
C)null hypothesis
D)hypothesis type that cannot be determined
Q2) A representative sample allows you to generalize your results to a _______.
A)smaller sample
B)smaller population
C)larger population
D)larger sample
Q3) Hypothesis testing relates to _______.
A)the sample
B)the population
C)multiple populations
D)samples and populations
Q4) What is the purpose of the research hypothesis?
Q5) The null hypothesis can only be tested indirectly.
A)True
B)False
10
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Chapter 8: Are Your Curves Normal Probability and Why It
Counts
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a distribution has a mean of 25 and a standard deviation of 2, what value would be 4 standard deviations from the mean?
A)17
B)14
C)25
D)33
Q2) The study of probability is the basis for determining the degree of confidence we have in stating that a particular finding or outcome is true.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is true of z scores that are equal to the mean?
A)They are negative.
B)They are positive.
C)They are equal to zero.
D)They are equal to one.
Q4) Define asymptotic.
Q5) Why is it important that the tails of a normal curve never touch the x-axis?
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Q6) Rank the order of the following z scores in terms of distance from the mean: +2, 3, 1, +1, and 0.
Chapter 9: Significantly Significant: What It Means for You and Me
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a statement of equality?
A)research hypothesis
B)directional hypothesis
C)nondirectional hypothesis
D)null hypothesis
Q2) Which of the following occurs when you accept the null hypothesis when it is really false?
A)Type I error
B)correct decision
C)Type II error
D)power
Q3) Why wouldn't a researcher set the confidence level at .0001, since it's better than .05 and even better than .01?
Q4) The risk set by the researcher for rejecting a null hypothesis when it is true is called the _______.
A)experimental error
B)error significance
C)significance level
D)error level
Q5) Can something be significant and not meaningful?
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Chapter 10: Only the Lonely: The One Sample Z-Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) The numerator of the equation for the z value is ______.
A)the population average subtracted from the mean of the sample
B)the mean of the sample subtracted from the population average
C)the mean of the sample subtracted from the standard error of the mean
D)the standard error of the mean added to the mean of the sample
Q2) For the Z-test, the population's standard deviation is ______.
A)not known
B)known
C)not relevant
D)not sure
Q3) In interpreting effect size, what is the meaning of effect size at 0.3?
A)small effect size
B)medium effect size
C)large effect size
D)weak effect size
Q4) The results of both one-sample Z- and t-test are basically the same.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is an example in which a one-sample Z test would be appropriate?
Q6) What is effect size?
Page 13
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Chapter 11: Tea for Two: Tests Between the Means of Different Groups
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Sample
Questions
Q1) If the obtained value is greater than the critical value, what should you do?
A)reject the null hypothesis
B)accept the null hypothesis
C)set a higher p value
D)increase the sample
Q2) Independent means that the groups are _______.
A)not related in any way
B)related to each other
C)dependent
D)continuous
Q3) What is the simplest way to compute an effect size?
Q4) What is considered to be a small effect for Cohen's d?
A).17
B) .02
C).25
D).57
Q5) Effect size is the magnitude of the differences between groups.
A)True
B)False
Page 14
Q6) Under what circumstances would a researcher reject the null hypothesis?
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Chapter 12: Tea for Two Again: Tests Between the Means of Related Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the obtained value is greater than the critical value, what should you do?
A)reject the null hypothesis
B)accept the null hypothesis
C)set a higher p value
D)increase the sample size
Q2) The t-test for dependent means is used when your sample is tested _______.
A)one time
B)two times
C)one or more times
D)two or more times
Q3) You run a t-test and find that your results indicate that t = 4.15, p < .05.You determine that you should ______.
A)fail to reject the null hypothesis
B)reject the null hypothesis
C)ignore the null hypothesis
D)fail to ignore the null hypothesis
Q4) Dr.Moo would like to find out if participants who love cats receive more speeding tickets than participants who love dogs.Identify the type of test she would need to use to determine this, and explain your answer.
Page 16
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Chapter 13: Two Groups Too Many Try Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) When interpreting F , = 10.80, p < .01, what is the between-groups df?
A)60
B)27
C)3
D)2
Q2) Which of the following would be an example of a design that examines the effects of region of residence (e.g., Northeast, South, Midwest, and West) and income (i.e., low, medium, and high)?
A)Simple ANOVA
B)One-way ANOVA
C)3 × 3 ANOVA
D)4 × 3 ANOVA
Q3) How would you interpret the equation: ?
Q4) The analysis of variance tests the difference between three or more means.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How would you interpret the equation: H : µ = µ = µ ?
Q6) What is the sum of squares total?
Q7) Why is this statistical technique called analysis of variance?
Q8) Why is it best not to perform multiple t-tests on the same data?
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Chapter 14: Two Too Many Factors: Factorial Analysis of
Variancea Brief Introduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) The factorial ANOVA is used when you have ______.
A)one independent variable
B)more than one independent variable
C)two dependent variables
D)two or more dependent variables
Q2) Like the scatter plot in a correlation, one of the easiest ways to see the magnitude of an interaction (or the absence of one) in a factorial ANOVA is to plot the means.
A)True
B)False
Q3) When you have more than one factor, what type of ANOVA should be used?
A)one-way ANOVA
B)multivariate ANOVA
C)simple ANOVA
D)factorial ANOVA
Q4) What are the three research hypotheses used in a 2 × 2 factorial analysis?
Q5) In the factorial ANOVA, participants are tested only once.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Why do we use SPSS to calculate a factorial ANOVA?
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Chapter 15: Cousins or Just Good Friends Testing
Relationships Using Correlation Coefficient
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the equation r = .45, p < .05, what are the degrees of freedom?
A).45
B)45
C).65
D)65
Q2) You would like to examine the association between temperature and frozen yogurt sales.You hypothesize that higher temperatures will be associated with increased frozen yogurt sales.You have a _______.
A)one-tailed hypothesis
B)two-tailed hypothesis
C)nondirectional hypothesis
D)invalid hypothesis
Q3) If a simple Pearson correlation value = .685, what percentage of variance is accounted for?
A)35%
B)47%
C)68%
D)69%
Q4) Write an example of a research hypothesis for a two-tailed t-test for the correlation coefficient.
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Chapter 16: Predicting Wholl Win the Super Bowl: Using Linear
Regression
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Q1) Using the regression formula with a slope = .704 and an intercept = .719, what would the predicted college GPA be for a student whose current high school GPA = 4.2?
A)3.68
B)2.97
C)3.00
D)3.20
Q2) Error in prediction (error of estimate) is calculated as the distance between each individual data point and the regression line.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In regression, the criterion variable is also known as the _______.
A)dependent variable
B)independent variable
C)predictor variable
D)correlated variable
Q4) What is the standard error of estimate?
Q5) What important guideline should you keep in mind when choosing independent variables for multiple regression?
20
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Chapter 17: What to Do When Youre Not Normal:
CHI-Square and Some Other Nonparametric Tests
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Q1) In a one-sample chi-square test, if your respondents are distributed very close to each other across the levels of your variable, your chi-square value will be _______.
A)high
B)low
C)very high
D)medium
Q2) Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to determine if scores from a sample came from a specified population?
A)Mann-Whitney U
B)Fisher's exact
C)Kolmogorov-Smirnov
D)Spearman rank
Q3) In order to meet the sample assumption associated with parametric statistics, how many subjects do you need?
A)20
B)30
C)50
D)100
Q4) What does the one-sample chi-square test determine?
21
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Chapter 18: Some Other Important Statistical Procedures
You Should Know About
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Sample Questions
Q1) Analysis of variance is known as ______.
A)Path
B)ANOVA
C)MANOVA
D)Factor
Q2) Which of the following procedures can be used to examine within-groups change over time?
A)ANOVA
B)ANCOVA
C)MANOVA
D)repeated-measures ANOVA
Q3) What method was used in generating this result: Mothers' literacy activities and mothers' level of education contributed significantly to children's language skills, whereas mothers' age and shared reading did not.
A)analysis of variance
B)analysis of covariance
C)multiple regression
D)logistic regression
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Chapter 19: Data Mining: An Introduction to Getting the
Most Out of Your Big Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) How much information is out there now?
A)1,000 exabytes
B)10 exabytes
C)100 exabytes
D)1 million exabytes
Q2) SPSS syntax is an effective way to run ______ analysis.
A)data
B)large data
C)big data
D)information
Q3) Crosstabs create a table by summarizing this type of data.
A)interval
B)ratio
C)categorical
D)real
Q4) All the following have lots of data except ________.
A)health care records
B)social media interactions
C)detailed analysis of sporting events
D)individual journal notes
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Chapter 20: A Statistical Software Sampler
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Q1) Which of the following is billed as "statistical discovery software" that produces graphics with each statistical procedure?
A)SPSS
B)JMP
C)R
D)Minitab
Q2) Minitab contains utilities that include ReportPad, which is a report generator.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following statistical software packages is free?
A)PSPP
B)Minitab
C)SPSS
D)JMP
Q4) Almost all big statistics packages do the same things.However, they are different in the ways they do them.
A)True
B)False
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Page 24
Chapter
Sites for Statistics Stuff
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Q1) What is KhanAcademy?
A)a non-profit educational organization
B)the data and story library
C)SurfStat Australia
D)statistical reference datasets
Q2) You can find data sets through any of the following EXCEPT ______.
A)Statistical Reference Datasets
B)Numbers and More
C)U.S.Census Bureau
D)The Data and Story Library
Q3) What is the resource locator that we often call the "web address?"
A)WA
B)URL
C)Locator
D)Address
Q4) Which university's research guide's site has hundreds of resource links?
A)University of Florida
B)University of Newcastle, Australia
C)University of Michigan
D)Wikipedia
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Chapter 22: The Ten Commandments of Data Collection
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Q1) When you think about a research question, it is also important to think about the type of data you will have to collect to answer that question.
A)True
B)False
Q2) ______ when and where you will be collecting your data.
A)Develop a plan of
B)Do not depend on any individuals of C)Plan a detailed schedule of D)Plan a complex version of
Q3) Practicing with _______ data can help you make sure that it is easy to go from your original scoring sheets to the data collection form.
A)high-scoring
B)any
C)pilot
D)lost
Q4) Always make a duplicate copy of the data file.
A)True
B)False
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