Quantitative Methods in Psychology
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Quantitative Methods in Psychology provides an in-depth exploration of the statistical techniques and research methodologies commonly used in psychological science. The course covers fundamental concepts such as hypothesis testing, experimental design, correlation, regression, and analysis of variance (ANOVA), as well as the interpretation and communication of statistical findings. Emphasis is placed on understanding the rationale behind various quantitative approaches, proper data collection, and the use of statistical software for data analysis. Through practical exercises and real-world examples, students develop the skills necessary to critically evaluate empirical research and effectively apply quantitative methods in their own psychological investigations.
Recommended Textbook Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 2nd Edition by Gregory J. Privitera
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Researcher A measures academic preparedness as the percent correct responses on an entrance exam;Researcher B measures academic preparedness as the current class rank of students.Which researcher measured academic preparedness as discrete data?
A)Researcher A
B)Researcher B
C)both researchers
D)no researchers
Answer: B
Q2) Three key elements of control that allow researchers to draw cause-and-effect conclusions are
A)randomization,manipulation,and variation
B)assignment,manipulation,and comparison/control
C)randomization,manipulation,and comparison/control
D)randomization,condition,and comparison/control
Answer: C
Q3) The size of a reward (in grams)is an example of continuous,quantitative data.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: Summarizing Data: Frequency Distributions in
Tables and Graphs
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Sample Questions
Q1) A percentile is also called a:
A)score
B)range
C)distribution
D)percentile point
Answer: D
Q2) Ungrouped data are always distributed in intervals.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) To determine the interval width,we divide the ________ by the number of intervals.
A)observed range
B)exclusive range
C)real range
D)all of the above
Answer: C
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Summarizing Data: Central Tendency
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Q1) The formula for a population and sample mean only differ by notation;otherwise,these formulas are calculated the same.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Which type of mean is used to describe a portion of individuals in a given population?
A)sample mean
B)population mean
C)restricted mean
D)none of the above
Answer: A
Q3) Given the same set of data for a population and sample,would the mean for both data sets be equal?
A)no,the population mean would be larger
B)no,the sample mean would be larger
C)yes,but only if the sample size equaled the population size
D)yes,this would be true anytime both data sets are the same
Answer: D
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Summarizing Data: Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) The computational formula for the variance requires that you know the value of the mean.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The interquartile range and semi-interquartile range are the same measure.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Suppose a researcher selects a sample of 19 participants and computes SS = 162.In this example,the standard deviation is 3.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How is the sample variance computed differently from the population variance?
A)only one formula includes a computation for SS
B)the calculation in the numerator is different
C)the calculation in the denominator is different
D)both B and C
Q5) The sample standard deviation is equal to 6 when SS = 360 and n = 11.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Probability
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which rule states that when two outcomes are mutually exclusive,the probability that either one of these outcomes will occur is the sum of their individual probabilities?
A)additive rule
B)multiplicative rule
C)both A and B
D)none of the above
Q2) Two outcomes are said to be mutually exclusive when
A)the probability of the two outcomes occurring together is equal to zero (p = 0)
B)the probability of the occurrence of one outcome has no effect on the probability of the occurrence of the second outcome
C)the probability of the two outcomes occurring together is greater than zero (p > 0)
D)the probability of the two outcomes occurring together sums to one
Q3) A researcher states that the probability of getting into an accident on a busy road is .09.Hence,the probability of getting into an accident twice on a busy road is .18.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Probability, Normal Distributions, and Z Scores
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Sample Questions
Q1) For a set of data with 25±2.5,at least 95% of scores fall between 20 and 30.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The standard normal distribution can be used to estimate probabilities with known raw scores,but it cannot be used to estimate raw scores with known probabilities.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is required to locate z scores with a given proportion?
A)Find the z score associated with a given probability.
B)Compute a z-transformation to find the raw score.
C)both A and B
D)none of the above
Q4) Another name for a binomial variable is a
A)random variable
B)systematic variable
C)participant variable
D)dichotomous variable
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Chapter 7: Probability and Sampling Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The sampling distribution of the mean is a distribution of all the possible samples of a particular size that can be selected from a given population.
A)True B)False
Q2) The sample mean is an unbiased estimator,follows the central limit theorem,and has minimum variance.
A)True B)False
Q3) A sampling distribution is a distribution of all sample means or sample variances that could be obtained in samples of a given size from the same population.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A researcher selects a sample of 625 participants from a population with a mean of 120 and a standard deviation of 25.The probability of selecting a sample mean that is larger than 125 is close to zero.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing: Significance, Effect Size, and
Power
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Sample Questions
Q1) When reporting the results of a one-sample z test using APA format,the ________ does not need to be reported.
A)Test statistic
B)p value
C)effect size
D)critical values
Q2) Which of the following best describes the p value.
A)It is the same as an alpha level
B)It is a conditional probability
C)Its value must be greater than .05 to reject the null hypothesis
D)all of the above
Q3) Hypothesis testing is also called
A)Type III error
B)random testing
C)effect size
D)significance testing
Q4) As sample size increases,the power to detect an effect increases.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Testing Means: One-Sample and
Two-Independent Sample T Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) A professor compares final exam scores in his psychology class to final exam grades in another comparable professor's class.Assuming that the population variance of exam scores is unknown,what type of t test is appropriate for analyzing differences between these classes?
A)one-sample t test
B)two-independent sample t test
C)There is not enough information to answer this question.
Q2) A t test is associated with N degrees of freedom.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The mean crying time of infants during naptime at a local preschool is 12 minutes.The school implements a new naptime routine in a sample of 25 infants and records an average crying time of 8±4.6 (M±SD)minutes.Test whether this new naptime routine reduced crying time at a .05 level of significance.
A)The new naptime routine significantly reduced crying time,t(24)= -4.35,p < .05.
B)The new naptime routine did not reduce crying time,t(24)= -4.35,p < .05.
C)The new naptime routine did not reduce crying time,t(24)= 0.92,p > .05.
D)The new naptime routine significantly reduce crying time,t(24)= 0.92,p < .05.
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Chapter 10: Testing Means: Related Samples T Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) The related samples design can ________.
A)eliminate within groups error
B)reduce power
C)increase standard error
D)be more practical
Q2) A professor compares scores on a competency exam among students at two times during a single semester.What type of t test is most appropriate for this study?
A)one-sample t test
B)two-independent sample t test
C)related samples t test
D)There is not enough information to answer this question.
Q3) Which of the following is the numerator of the test statistic for the related samples t test?
A)the sum of the difference scores for each participant
B)the value of the test statistic plus the degrees of freedom
C)the mean difference observed minus the mean difference stated in a null hypothesis
D)estimated standard error for difference scores
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Chapter 11: Estimation and Confidence Intervals
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a characteristic of confidence intervals?
A)The less certain an estimate,the more precise the estimate.
B)The more certain an estimate,the less precise the estimate.
C)both A and B
Q2) The smaller the level of confidence,the ________ precise the estimate.
A)more
B)less
Q3) A researcher increases his level of confidence from 90% to 95%.What will happen to the precision of his estimate?
A)The estimate will be more precise.
B)The estimate will be less precise.
C)The precision of his estimate will not change.
D)It depends on the size of the population.
Q4) Which of the following words best describes certainty?
A)inferential
B)significance
C)precision
D)confidence
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Chapter 12: Analysis of Variance: One-Way
Between-Subjects Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) A one-way between-subjects ANOVA is conducted to test for mean differences between the levels of two or more factors.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A lowercase k is used to denote
A)the number of groups in a study
B)the number of participants in a study
C)the number of levels of the factor in a study
D)both A and C
Q3) An ANOVA is used when samples are selected from two or more populations and when two or more samples are selected from the same population.
A)True
B)False
Q4) There are two sources of variation in a one-way between-subjects ANOVA: one attributed to differences between groups and one attributed to error.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Analysis of Variance: One-Way Within-Subjects
Repeated Measures Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) To report the results of a post hoc test,identify which post hoc test was computed and the p value for significant results.
A)True
B)False
Q2) To summarize the one-way within-subjects ANOVA,we report the test statistic,the degrees of freedom,and the critical values.
A)True
B)False
Q3) We make two hypothesis tests using the one-way within-subjects ANOVA: one for the between-groups effect,and one for the within-groups effect.
A)True
B)False
Q4) For the one-way within-subjects ANOVA,the more ________ participant responding between groups,the less powerful the test will be at detecting an effect.
A)consistent
B)inconsistent
C)efficient
D)inefficient
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Chapter 14: Analysis of Variance: Two-Way
Between-Subjects Factorial Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a reason why it can be necessary to include two factors in the same statistical design?
A)you want to observe two groups in the same statistical design
B)you want to analyze the main effects of a factor
C)your hypothesis may require that you observe two factors
D)you want to minimize the number of participants observed in your study
Q2) An estimate of effect size with the two-way ANOVA is typically reported for:
A)a significant main effect test
B)a significant interaction test
C)both A and B
D)None;effect size is not reported for the two-way ANOVA.
Q3) Which source of variation,if significant,is typically analyzed first?
A)a main effect
B)the interaction
Q4) There are ____ cells or groups in a 3 \(\times\) 4 ANOVA design.
Chapter 15: Correlation
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Sample Questions
Q1) The correlation coefficient can be converted to a chi-square statistic.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following would not be reported for a correlation?
A)the sample size
B)the coefficient of determination
C)the critical values for each test
D)the strength and direction of the correlation
Q3) The Spearman correlation coefficient is used to measure the correlation between two nominal variables.
A)True
B)False
Q4) If r = 0.026 and df = 10,then t = 7.20.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The formula for the Spearman correlation coefficient was derived from the formula for the Pearson correlation coefficient.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Linear Regression and Multiple Regression
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Q1) The predictions made using multiple regression are often more ________ than the predictions made using linear regression with one predictor variable.
A)informative
B)convoluted
C)confounded
D)realistic
Q2) The larger the standard error of estimate,the more accurately known values of X will predict values of Y.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The degrees of freedom residual is equal to the number of criterion variables.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Multiple regression can be used to measure predictive variability for any number of predictor variables.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Nonparametric Tests: Chi-Square Tests
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Q1) A chi-square goodness-of-fit test with 3 levels of a categorical variable will have 3 degrees of freedom.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A key assumption for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test is that observed frequencies are independently recorded in each cell.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The test statistic is the same for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test and a chi-square test for independence.
A)True
B)False
Q4) To summarize the chi-square goodness-of-fit test,which of the following is reported?
A)test statistic
B)p value
C)degrees of freedom
D)all of the above
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Chapter 18: Nonparametric Tests: Tests for Ordinal Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following dispersions of scores for three groups (A,B,and C)best illustrates the null hypothesis for a Kruskal-Wallis H test?
A)The number of scores above and below the median are equal.
B)The mean differences between two groups are equal.
C)The sum of ranks in each group does not differ between groups.
D)The ranks in two groups are equal to 0.
Q2) A researcher computes a related samples sign test in which the number of positive ranks is 9 and the number of negative ranks is 3.The test statistic (x)is equal to
A)3
B)9
C)12
D)There is not enough information to answer this question.
Q3) Which of the following nonparametric tests can be computed using a normal appropriation formula?
A)related samples sign test
B)Wilcoxon signed-ranks T test
C)Mann-Whitney U test
D)all of the above
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