Quantitative Methods in Psychology Final Exam
Course Introduction
Quantitative Methods in Psychology introduces students to the foundational statistical techniques and research designs commonly used in psychological research. The course covers topics such as descriptive statistics, probability theory, hypothesis testing, correlation, regression analysis, and the interpretation of statistical results. Students learn how to select appropriate methods for analyzing psychological data, conduct analyses using statistical software, and critically evaluate research findings. Emphasis is placed on developing analytical thinking and ethical practices in data collection and interpretation, preparing students to design robust experiments and to interpret empirical results with scientific rigor.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 3rd Edition by Gregory J. Privitera
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18 Chapters
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1400 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Descriptive statistics is a branch of mathematics used to make inferences about populations given samples of data.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) The number of students in a class is an example of discrete,quantitative data.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Continuous data are only distributed in discrete units.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Three research methods common to research in the behavioral sciences are
A) experimental, transferable, and correlation.
B) experimental, variable, and correlational.
C) experimental, operational, and quasi-correlational.
D) experimental, quasi-experimental, and correlational.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Summarizing Data: Frequency Distributions in
Tables and Graphs
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher summarizes a set of frequency data into five intervals.This is an example of a frequency distribution for
A) ungrouped data.
B) grouped data.
C) inferential statistics.
D) population parameters.
Answer: B
Q2) Grouped data can be distributed
A) as a range of values.
B) with upper and lower boundaries.
C) into intervals.
D) all of these.
Answer: D
Q3) A relative frequency is typically used with smaller,but not larger,data sets.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Summarizing Data: Central Tendency
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher measures the mean time (in seconds)it takes two groups of children to complete an activity task.She finds that Group A (M = 22 s)completed the task more quickly than Group B (M = 36 s).She then computes a weighted mean for both groups combined and calculates a weighted mean equal to 26.Based on the information provided,which group had a larger sample size?
A) Group A.
B) Group B.
C) The sample size is equal in both groups.
D) It is not possible to know this without knowing the sample size for each group.
Answer: A
Q2) A researcher records the following data for the number of complaints filed (per day)following a controversial policy change at a local business: 3,8,5,0,4,6,2,1,1,4,2,and 0.Is the mean equal to the median in this example?
A) Yes.
B) No; the median is larger than the mean.
C) No; the mean is larger than the median.
D) There is not enough information to answer this question.
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Summarizing Data: Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher computes the following scores: 12,8,14,12,and 10.If these scores were substituted into each formula,the sample variance would be smaller than the population variance.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A reason for squaring deviations to compute SS in the numerator includes which of the following?
A) The sum of the differences of scores from their mean is zero.
B) The sum of the squared differences of scores from their mean is minimal.
C) Squaring scores can be readily corrected by square rooting.
D) All of these.
Q3) Why is it important to divide by df to compute sample variance?
A) Doing so makes the sample variance an unbiased estimator of the population variance.
B) Doing so ensures that the value for sample variance varies between 0 and 1.
C) Doing so minimizes the likelihood that the sample variance will be a negative value.
D) It is not important; there is no advantage for dividing by df.
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Chapter 5: Probability
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Sample Questions
Q1) Conditional outcomes refer to those where the probability of one outcome is independent of the probability of the occurrence of the second outcome.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The multiplicative rule is used to define mutually exclusive outcomes.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A probability can be stated as a proportion.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The following probability distribution for outcomes 0,1,2,and 3,respectively,is possible: 18/30,3/30,4/30,and 5/30.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The total number of possible outcomes for a random variable is referred to as A) probability.
B) a random event.
C) the sample space.
D) the sum.
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Chapter 6: Probability, normal Distributions, and Z Scores
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Sample Questions
Q1) The unit normal table can be used to find the probability of a particular score in both normal and nonnormal distributions.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A researcher records the following times (in seconds)that it took a group of students to complete an exam: 18 ± 2 (M ± SD)min.How long did it take 80% of students to complete the exam?
A) less than 16 min
B) 16.32 min
C) less than 18 min
D) 19.68 min
Q3) A researcher determines that students study an average of 80 ± 20 (M ± SD)min/week.Assuming these data are normally distributed,what is the z score for students studying 60 min/week?
A) 1.0
B) -1.0
C) .3413
D) .1587
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Chapter 7: Probability and Sampling Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Regardless of the distribution of the population,the sampling distribution of sample means will be approximately normally distributed.What characteristic of the mean explains this?
A) unbiased estimator
B) central limit theorem
C) minimal variance
D) none of these
Q2) Suppose you select a sample of three people from a population of four (A,B,C,D).Which of the following samples is possible using the experimental sampling strategy?
A) persons A, C, and A
B) persons A, D, and D
C) persons B, C, and D
D) persons B, A, and B
Q3) A z transformation can be computed to locate sample means in a sampling distribution.
A)True
B)False
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9
Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing: Significance,effect Size,and
Power
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Sample Questions
Q1) Is a one-sample z test reported differently for one-tailed and two-tailed tests?
A) No, the same values are reported.
B) It depends on whether the results were significant.
C) Yes, only significant results for a two-tailed test are reported.
D) It can be reported differently when the effect size is large.
Q2) A researcher reports that the standard deviation in Population A is \(\sigma\) = 2.3 and the standard deviation in Population B is \(\sigma\) = 4.3.Which population is associated with the highest power to detect an effect?
A) Population A
B) Population B
C) They are associated with the same level of power.
Q3) A researcher obtains z = 1.45 for a one-sample z test.What is the decision for this test at a .05 level of significance?
A) to reject the null hypothesis
B) to retain the null hypothesis
C) it depends on whether the test is one-tailed or two-tailed
D) there is not enough information to make a decision
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Testing Means: One-Sample and
Two-Independent-Sample T Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher reports that mean ratings of liking for some food are 0.8 ± 2.4 (M ± SD).If the null hypothesis was that the mean equals 0,then what is the effect size for this test using estimated Cohen's d?
A) d = 0.33; small effect size
B) d = 0.33; medium effect size
C) d = 3.00; large effect size
D) There is not enough information to answer this question.
Q2) Normality is the assumption that data in the population are normally distributed. A)True
B)False
Q3) Two researchers (A and B)compute a one-sample t test.For both tests,the mean difference between the sample and value stated in the null hypothesis is 5,but the standard error is smaller for Researcher A.Which test is more likely to result in a decision to reject the null hypothesis?
A) Researcher A.
B) Researcher B.
C) The likelihood is the same for both researchers.
D) There is not enough information to answer this question.
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Chapter 10: Testing Means: Truehe Related-Samples T Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher records the level of attention among 18 students during an interactive and lecture portion of a single class.If she computes a related-samples t test at a .05 level of significance (two-tailed test),then what are the critical values for this test?
A) ±1.734
B) ±1.740
C) ±2.110
D) ±2.101
Q2) A type of related-samples design in which participants are observed more than once is called a
A) repeated-measures design.
B) matched-pairs design.
C) matched-samples design.
D) all of these.
Q3) One difference between a repeated-measures design and a matched-samples design is that
A) only one design is a type of related-samples design.
B) only one design increases the power to observe an effect.
C) only one design involves observing the same participants in each group.
D) only one design eliminates between-persons variability.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Estimation and Confidence Intervals
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Sample Questions
Q1) The larger the level of confidence,the ______ precise the interval estimate.
A) more
B) less
Q2) The smaller the level of confidence,the more precise the estimate.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A researcher estimates the 95% CI for a sample with a mean of M = 9.0 and a standard error ( \(\sigma\)<sub>M</sub>)of 1.03.What is the confidence interval at this level of confidence?
A) 95% CI 7.3, 10.7
B) 95% CI 8.0, 10.0
C) 95% CI 7.0, 11.0
D) There is not enough information to answer this question.
Q4) A researcher reduces her level of confidence from 99% to 90%.What will happen to the precision of her estimate?
A) The estimate will be more precise.
B) The estimate will be less precise.
C) The precision of her estimate will not change.
D) It depends on the size of the population.
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Chapter 12: Analysis of Variance: One-Way
Between-Subjects Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) All post hoc tests control for the effect size of a significant result.
A)True
B)False
Q2) An analysis of variance is a statistical procedure used to test hypotheses for one or more factors concerning the variance among two or more group means,where the variance in one or more populations is unknown.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Post hoc tests are computed ______.
A) prior to conducting a hypothesis test.
B) to determine which set of degrees of freedom can be attributed to the variability between groups
C) following a significant ANOVA test to make pairwise comparisons
D) to determine if groups means differ, even for tests in which the decision is to retain the null hypothesis
Q4) The numerator of the test statistic for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA is the mean variability associated with error.
A)True
B)False
14
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Chapter 13: Analysis of Variance: One-Way Within-Subjects
Repeated-Measuresdesign
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Q1) With a small number of comparisons,the Bonferroni test is an appropriate post hoc test following a significant one-way within-subjects ANOVA.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A one-way within-subjects ANOVA would be an appropriate statistical test when n participants are observed k times.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is an assumption for the one-way within-subjects ANOVA,but not for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA?
A) normality
B) homogeneity of variance
C) homogeneity of covariance
D) none of these; each is assumed for both tests
Q4) The Bonferroni test controls for testwise alpha.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Analysis of Variance: Two-Way
Between-Subjects Factorial Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following correctly identifies each source of variation in the two-way between-subjects ANOVA?
A) two between-groups, one within-groups, and error
B) two within-groups, one between-groups, and error
C) two interactions, one main effect, and error
D) two main effects, one interaction, and error
Q2) A researcher observes the same participants across the levels of one factor and different participants across the levels of a second factor.What type of factorial design is most appropriate for this study?
A) a 1-between, 1-within factorial design
B) a between-subjects factorial design
C) a within-subjects factorial design
D) none; this is not a factorial design
Q3) The denominator of the formula for \(\eta\)<sup>2</sup> is SS<sub>T</sub> for both main effects and the interaction.
A)True
B)False
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Correlation
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Sample Questions
Q1) The formula for the Spearman correlation coefficient was derived from the formula for the Pearson correlation coefficient.
A)True
B)False
Q2) To summarize correlations,we report the strength,the direction,and the p value for each correlation coefficient.
A)True
B)False
Q3) If SS<sub>XY</sub> = 5.32 and n = 40,then what is the value of the coefficient of determination?
A) 0.133
B) 0.36
C) 0.64
D) there is not enough information to answer this question
Q4) The coefficient of determination is mathematically equivalent to \(\eta\)<sup>2</sup>.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Linear Regression and Multiple Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) The regression equation measures ______.
A) how far the sample mean deviates from the population mean
B) how far each data point deviates from the line that most closely fits the data
C) how significant mean differences are between groups
D) how often scores regress from deviations in the data
Q2) For linear regression with one predictor variable,\(\beta\) will equal r.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A researcher measures the extent to which years of marriage predict perceptions of forgiveness.Which factor is the criterion variable in this example?
A) years of marriage
B) perceptions of forgiveness
C) both years of marriage and perceptions of forgiveness
D) none of these
Q4) The equation for a straight line is Y = bX + a.
A)True
B)False
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18
Chapter 17: Nonparametric Tests: Chi-Square Tests
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Q1) Many nonparametric tests are called ______ because they make no assumptions regarding the shape of the distribution in the population.
A) parametric tests
B) skewed-distribution tests
C) significance-free tests
D) distribution-free tests
Q2) A chi-square goodness-of-fit test is used to determine how well a set of observed frequencies "fits" with what was expected.
A)True
B)False
Q3) We compute the frequency expected in each category using known ______ stated in the null hypothesis.
A) hypothesis tests
B) proportions
C) variances
D) effect sizes
Q4) A 2 * 2 chi-square test for independence has 4 degrees of freedom.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: Nonparametric Tests: Tests for Ordinal Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) For the Wilcoxon signed-ranks T,when T is less than the critical value,we decide to ______.
A) retain the null hypothesis
B) reject the null hypothesis
C) not enough information
Q2) Which of the following dispersions of scores for three groups (A,B,and C)best illustrate the null hypothesis for a Kruskal-Wallis H test?
A) The number of scores above and below the median are equal.
B) The mean differences between two groups are equal.
C) The sum of ranks in each group does not differ between groups.
D) The ranks in two groups are equal to 0.
Q3) The null hypothesis for the Kruskal-Wallis H test is that scores above and below the median are equal.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Nonparametric tests are used when the measured data are on an ordinal scale of measurement.
A)True
B)False
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