Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods offers a comprehensive introduction to the principal research methodologies used in academic and professional settings. Students will explore the strengths and limitations of both quantitative approaches, which focus on numerical data and statistical analysis, and qualitative approaches, which emphasize understanding meaning, experiences, and social contexts through tools such as interviews, observations, and textual analysis. The course covers key aspects of research design, sampling methods, data collection, and ethical considerations, equipping students with the skills to critically evaluate research literature and conduct their own inquiries using appropriate methodological frameworks.
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Exploring Research 8th Edition by Neil J. Salkind
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Chapter 1: The Role and Importance of Research
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Q1) Emily's school has implemented an early intervention program for at-risk students. In order to monitor its effectiveness on student performance, she would use which research method?
A) historical
B) descriptive
C) longitudinal
D) quasi-experimental
Answer: D
Q2) Matthew thinks that there is a relationship between parenting style and self-esteem in children. Which research method should he use?
A) correlational
B) quasi-experimental
C) descriptive
D) historical
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: The Research Process: Coming to Terms
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Q1) The null hypothesis represents which of the following statements?
A) no relationship between the variables under study
B) a positive relationship between the independent and dependent variables
C) a negative relationship between the independent and dependent variables
D) a difference between the variables under study
Answer: A
Q2) If you read that a study's finding was significant at the p < .05 level, you could conclude that there is a less than 5% probability that
A) the results will translate to real world situations
B) most researchers in that area would consider the finding to have clinical meaning
C) the researchers used unreliable measures
D) the results were due to chance
Answer: D
Q3) Given no other information, chance is always the most likely explanation for differences between two groups.
A) True
B) False
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: A: Selecting a Problem and Reviewing the Research
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Q1) What are the most important primary sources of information about a topic?
A) newspapers
B) magazines
C) journals
D) books
Answer: C
Q2) Peer review means that of a journal submission usually requires a minimum of how many reviewers?
A) 1
B) 3
C) 6
D) 9
Answer: B
Q3) Why is a clear research question useful?
A) it creates a good home page
B) Lexis/Nexis can easily find it
C) it makes more efficient use of your time when searching for references
D) it assures that the research you conduct is of interest to you
Answer: C
Page 5
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Chapter 3: B: Ethics: the Basic Principles
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Q1) Because the usefulness of the information is so great, it is considered ethical to secretly record conversations between therapists and their clients.
A) True
B) False
Q2) Which of the following is NOT considered a basic principle of ethical behavior in research?
A) protection from harm
B) refraining from coercion
C) informed consent
D) a well-stated hypothesis
Q3) List 10 informational elements that should be present in an informed consent letter. Must the letter be signed by the participant?
Q4) Forcing someone to participate in a study is an example of what ethical issue/concern?
A) protection from harm
B) maintenance of privacy
C) informed consent
D) coercion
Q5) Discuss two of the general issues in ethical research behavior.
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Chapter 4: Sampling and Generalizability
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Q1) When might you need a larger sample to represent the population?
A) the amount of variability within groups is small
B) the difference between the two groups is small
C) the difference between the two groups is great
D) both a and c
Q2) In which sampling technique are units of individuals selected rather than the individuals themselves?
A) simple random sampling
B) systematic sampling
C) stratified sampling
D) cluster sampling
Q3) In which sampling technique does every k<sup>th</sup> name on the list get selected?
A) simple random sampling
B) systematic sampling
C) stratified sampling
D) cluster sampling
Q4) What is the difference between probability and nonprobability sampling?
Q5) Explain how to use a table of random numbers.
Q6) Why is generalizability the key to a successful study?
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Chapter 5: Measurement, Reliability, and Validity
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Q1) What levels of measurement define most variables in behavioral and social science research?
A) interval and ratio
B) nominal and ordinal
C) nominal and ratio
D) nominal and interval
Q2) What is the difference between continuous and discrete variables?
Q3) Dr. Baylor is concerned that the items on his test really do adequately represent the universe of items from which he chose. Dr. Baylor's concern is one of
A) content validity
B) predictive validity
C) concurrent validity
D) construct validity
Q4) What are the two components of error scores?
A) method error and consistent error
B) standard error and method error
C) trait error and standard error
D) trait error and method error
Q5) Name four ways to increase reliability.
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Chapter 6: Methods of Measuring Behavior
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Q1) What type of test defines a specific level of performance or mastery) of some content domain?
A) standardized test
B) researcher-made test
C) norm-referenced test
D) criterion-referenced test
Q2) A standardized test _________________________________________.
A) is usually commercially produced and requires a common set of administration and scoring procedures
B) compares an individual's test performance to the test performance of others
C) relies only on multiple choice questions
D) is designed and administered by a researcher for a specific research study
Q3) Which assessment technique is used in field work?
A) Likert scaling
B) Thurstone scaling
C) observation
D) item analysis
Q4) What are the five basic assumptions when using a questionnaire?
Q5) What are some reasons why we use tests?
Q6) Describe the basic procedure involved in setting up to conduct an item analysis.
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Chapter 7: Data Collection and Descriptive Statistics
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Q1) How can descriptive statistics be defined?
A) describing elements of a distribution
B) relating the data to a larger population
C) developing a research question
D) identical to inferential statistics
Q2) When you have interval or ratio data such as age in years) what is typically the best measure of central tendency to use?
A) range
B) mode
C) median
D) mean
Q3) What do you call research data that has not been analyzed and is still in an unorganized format?
A) raw data
B) research data
C) data points
D) descriptive data
Q4) Why isn't the range the best measure of variability?
Q5) What is the difference between the mean, median, and mode?
Q6) Why is the sum of the deviation about the mean always 0?
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Chapter 8: Introducing Inferential Statistics
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Q1) What does the central limit theorem enable researchers to do?
A) compare means from two independent samples
B) generalize the results from a sample to a population without knowing the exact nature of the population's distribution
C) compute the significance of a relationship between two variables
D) reduce the possibility that chance accounts for variability in the variable of interest
Q2) One of the keys to successful operation of the central limit theorem is that the sample size must be ___________________.
A) less than 20
B) greater than 30
C) greater than 40
D) greater than 50
Q3) The level of significance is similar to which of the following?
A) a Type I error
B) a Type II error
C) a bell curve
D) the null hypothesis
Q4) What are the steps involved in testing a hypothesis?
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Chapter 9: Nonexperimental Research: Descriptive and Correlational Methods
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Q1) When conducting an interview, what should you be careful NOT to do?
A) begin the interview cold
B) be direct
C) dress appropriately
D) use a tape recorder
Q2) What are some advantages of survey research?
Q3) What are the Ten Commandments of interviewing?
Q4) What is the most frequently used measure of relationships?
A) Spearman's rho
B) Pearson product moment
C) Student's t
D) Holmes procedure
Q5) Which of the following shows an example of how a correlation coefficient may be written?
A) R<sub>X</sub>R<sub>Y</sub><sub> </sub>= 0.45
B) rXY = 0.26
C) XY<sub>CC</sub><sub> </sub>= -0.67
D) r<sub>xy </sub>= 0.53
Q7) What does the sign (+ or -) on a correlation mean? Page 12
Q6) What is the difference between a closed-ended and open-ended question?
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Chapter 10: Nonexperimental Research: Qualitative Methods
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Q1) Which of the following questions would NOT be considered to be an external criticism?
A) "Was this document written when claimed?"
B) "Was this document found where one might expect it?"
C) "Do the numbers listed in this document seem plausible based on other sources?"
D) "Is this document truly written by the person it appears to be written by?"
Q2) Which of the following is an example of a secondary source?
A) a photograph
B) a newspaper story describing an event
C) a contract
D) tools
Q3) Which of the following statements about qualitative research would be considered false?
A) It allows the researcher to answer different types of questions than quantitative research does.
B) It is much less complex than quantitative research because numbers are not extensively involved.
C) It is often descriptive in nature.
D) Many different types of sources can be utilized in qualitative research.
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Chapter 11: Pre- and True Experimental Research Methods
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Q1) Which is a threat to external validity?
A) history
B) selection
C) pretest sensitization
D) regression
Q2) What is the proper order of the following designs if they are to be listed from the one with the least amount of control over variables to the most?
A) pretest posttest control group, Solomon four-group, quasi-experimental, one-group pretest posttest
B) one-group pretest posttest, quasi-experimental, pretest posttest control group, Solomon four-group
C) one-group pretest posttest, pretest posttest control group, Solomon four-group, quasi-experimental
D) quasi-experimental, one-group pretest posttest, pretest posttest control group, Solomon four-group
Q3) What are three methods you can use to control extraneous variables?
Q4) What is the difference between internal and external validity?
Q5) How can you increase internal and external validity?
Q6) What is the Hawthorne effect?
Page 15
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Chapter 12: Quasi-Experimental Research: a Close Cousin to Experimental Research
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Q1) How do quasi-experimental methods help with ethical research?
Q2) In quasi-experimental research, when will the cause of differences between groups occur?
A) during the experiment
B) after the experiment
C) it has already occurred
D) it will never occur
Q3) What is one suggested limitation of the single subject design?
A) significant expense
B) internal validity
C) external validity
D) none of the above
Q4) Discuss differences between longitudinal and cross sectional methods.
Q5) What is the difference between true and quasi-experimental research?
Q6) What is one criticism of the AB single-subject design?
A) too short
B) may be unethical to not apply a facilitative treatment
C) takes too much time and energy
D) does not rely on graphical depiction
Q7) Give an example of static group comparison in an experiment. Page 16
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Chapter 13: Writing a Research Proposal
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Q1) When selecting a dependent variable, you should consider all of the following EXCEPT:
A) the measure has been used before.
B) the validity of the measure has been established.
C) the measure comes with testing forms.
D) norms are available, when applicable.
Q2) Which section of a proposal describes the subjects used in a study in the greatest detail?
A) introduction
B) method
C) literature review
D) implications and limitations
Q3) Which section of a proposal discusses the research objectives?
A) introduction
B) method
C) literature review
D) implications and limitations
Q4) Name some things you should remember when selecting your dependent variable.
Q5) What should you consider when selecting a sample for your research study?
Page 18
Q6) What should you look for when evaluating the method section of a research paper?
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Chapter 14: Writing a Research Manuscript
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Q1) List the parts of a prepared manuscript, in order.
Q2) Margins for a manuscript should be _____________________.
A) .5 inches
B) 1 inch
C) 1.5 inches
D) 2 inches
Q3) Which section of a manuscript gives a summary of the contents, including the purpose, a description of the participants, the results, and any conclusions being offered?
A) introduction
B) discussion
C) abstract
D) method
Q4) What information is included in an abstract?
Q5) In what order are multiple authors listed on a manuscript?
A) alphabetically
B) order of contribution
C) alphabetically by institution
D) ranked by number of publications
Q6) What are some subsections that may be found in the methods section?
Page 19
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