Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods in Nursing Exam
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Course Introduction
This course explores the fundamental principles and applications of both quantitative and qualitative research methods within the field of nursing. Students will learn how to design and conduct research studies, analyze data, and interpret findings to inform evidence-based practice. Emphasis is placed on understanding the strengths and limitations of each approach, ethical considerations, data collection techniques, and the critical appraisal of research literature. The course equips future nurses with essential skills to evaluate and generate scientific knowledge, contributing to improved patient outcomes and the advancement of nursing practice.
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Nursing Research in Canada Methods Critical Appraisal and Utilization 3rd Canadian Edition by
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Chapter 1: The Role of Research in Nursing
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Q1) Which of the following statements regarding the role of the nurse in research is true?
A) Nurses must be prepared at the baccalaureate level or higher to have any role in nursing research.
B) Master's-prepared nurses (those with MSN, MN, or MS degrees) are primarily responsible for using the findings of nursing research in clinical practice.
C) One role of the registered nurse is to identify issues in clinical practice that are suitable for research.
D) Regardless of nursing education, the only nurse who should interpret research findings is the one who has the most comprehensive understanding of statistical analysis methods.
Answer: C
Q2) Why are nursing practice-oriented scientific investigations valuable?
A) They validate the effectiveness of particular nursing interventions.
B) They encourage consumers to question the quality of health care.
C) They limit the theory base for clinical decision making.
D) They mandate health care reform.
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework
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Q1) How are theoretical and conceptual frameworks different?
A) Conceptual frameworks are more appropriate for qualitative studies, and theoretical frameworks are more appropriate for quantitative studies.
B) Theoretical frameworks are individually developed by researchers, and conceptual frameworks already exist.
C) Conceptual frameworks are individually developed by researchers, and theoretical frameworks already exist.
D) Theoretical frameworks generate theory, whereas conceptual frameworks test theory.
Answer: C
Q2) When critiquing a research article,what is the most important issue the reader should consider about the concepts of the study?
A) The theoretical interrelatedness of the concepts
B) Whether the study is qualitative or quantitative in nature
C) The specific meanings the researcher has ascribed to the study concepts
D) An in-depth understanding of the grand theory that underpins the study concepts
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Critical Reading Strategies: Overview of the Research Process
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Q1) In which section of a research report or study would unexpected findings be presented?
A) "Methods"
B) "Discussion"
C) "Conceptual Framework"
D) "Review of Literature"
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following factors is essential for an accurate and responsible critique of a research article or paper?
A) Skill in statistical analysis
B) Knowledge of the subject matter
C) Familiarity with the conceptual framework
D) In-depth comprehension of classic and current literature related to the study concepts
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Developing Research Questions, hypotheses, and Clinical Questions
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Q1) Which type of format is demonstrated by the following research question? "Is there a relationship between self-esteem and body weight among postmenopausal women?"
A) Correlational
B) Comparative nonexperimental
C) Quantitative experimental
D) Phenomenological
Q2) What is the key difference between independent and dependent variables?
A) The dependent variable should change in response to manipulation of the independent variable.
B) The independent variable should change in response to manipulation of the dependent variable.
C) Although both the dependent and independent variables are manipulated, only the dependent variable is considered an intervention.
D) The dependent variable relies on personal or demographic variables for strength, whereas the independent variable is strong enough to stand alone.
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Chapter 5: Finding and Appraising the Literature
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Q1) How should an article reporting the results of a study that failed to obtain significant findings be categorized?
A) Empirical literature
B) Conceptual literature
C) Clinical literature
D) Informational literature
Q2) Which of the following resources represents the most comprehensive source for nursing literature?
A) CINAHL
B) MEDLINE
C) The Canadian Nurse
D) World Wide Web
Q3) What type of article is implied when the author uses the following phrase in the abstract of the article? "A study was conducted."
A) Empirical literature
B) Conceptual literature
C) Clinical literature
D) Informational literature
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Chapter 6: Legal and Ethical Issues
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Q1) A mother agreed to let her young son participate in a research study because she believed that if she did not agree,her child would be denied drug therapy.What right has been violated in this situation?
A) Voluntary consent
B) Freedom from harm
C) Protection from discomfort
D) Fair and equitable treatment
Q2) Which of the following ethical guidelines describes a prospective subject's freedom to participate or not participate in a research study?
A) Promoting Justice
B) Promoting Health and Well-Being
C) Maintaining Privacy and Confidentiality
D) Promoting and Respecting Informed Decision Making
Q3) Which of the following ethical guidelines describes the researcher's obligation to do no harm?
A) Promoting Justice
B) Promoting Health and Well-Being
C) Maintaining Privacy and Confidentiality
D) Preserving Dignity
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Introduction to Qualitative Research
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Q1) Which of the following statements forms an assumption of contemporary empiricism?
A) The philosophy underlying the research is explicit.
B) Human responses to health and illness can be measured.
C) Inductive analysis is most useful in determining the significance of study outcomes.
D) The outcomes must provide sufficient evidence to prove the null hypothesis.
Q2) What should be the determining factor for a researcher to conduct a qualitative study?
A) The need to test a theory
B) The nature of the research question
C) The age and gender of the study participants
D) The availability of valid instruments to measure the phenomenon
Q3) Which of the following factors in a research report indicates that the study used a qualitative design?
A) Hypotheses are stated.
B) The sample is described as convenient.
C) Study participants are described as informants.
D) Participants were asked to complete a forced-choice questionnaire to measure their understanding of the topic.
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Chapter 8: Qualitative Approaches to Research
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Q1) Which of the following titles suggests that the study employs the ethnographic method?
A) The Phenomenon of Breast Self-Examination Among African-Canadian Women
B) The Lived Experience of Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women
C) The Need for Culturally Sensitive Cancer Prevention Patient Education Materials
D) Preserving Femininity after Mastectomy
Q2) How should the researcher proceed when the second person interviewed during a phenomenological study makes statements that are very similar to those made by the first participant?
A) Stop interviewing more participants because the data are considered saturated.
B) Ask the second participant whether he or she has been talking with the first participant.
C) Continue to interview more participants to determine whether the similarities in responses persist or were just coincidental.
D) Continue to interview participants but change the phrasing of the question used to initiate dialogue.
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Chapter 9: Introduction to Quantitative Research
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Q1) When should an extraneous variable be included as part of the study's design?
A) When it is nonmodifiable, such as age or gender
B) When it is an important consideration for the outcome
C) When the researcher is limited by time and monetary issues
D) When it would not make a difference to the overall study outcome
Q2) Which of the following situations represents a threat to internal validity in an experimental study measuring the effect of audio-taped instructions to patients being discharged home after coronary artery bypass graft surgery?
A) Both men and women were included as subjects in the study.
B) Two new surgeons recently began performing the coronary artery bypass graft surgeries.
C) Patients in the experimental group passed their tapes on to those in the control group receiving usual care.
D) Data collection took 1 year.
Q3) Why is the administration of a pretest a cause for concern in a research study?
A) It is a threat to internal validity, as it may affect the post-test results.
B) It is a threat to external validity, as it may affect the post-test results.
C) It is a form of selection bias that contributes to the problem of maturation.
D) It is a form of maturation that contributes to the problem of selection bias.
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Chapter 10: Experimental and Quasiexperimental Designs
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Q1) Which of the following situations meets a criterion for inferring causality between performance of exercise and adaptation behaviour of women receiving chemotherapy for breast cancer?
A) Adaptation behaviour began before the exercise program was initiated.
B) Adaptive behaviour occurred in the control group over time.
C) The level of adaptation behaviours increased proportionately with increase in the intensity of the exercise.
D) No differences in adaptation behaviours were observed between subjects in the experimental group and subjects in the control group.
Q2) In the study by Siminoff,Burant and Ibrahim entitled "Racial Disparities in Preferences and Perceptions Regarding Organ Donation," sampling was done using a random digit telephone technique.What threats to internal validity does this prevent?
A) Selection effects
B) Selection bias
C) Social desirability bias
D) Testing effects
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Chapter 11: Nonexperimental Designs
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Q1) Which of the following is an advantage of studies that use a longitudinal or prospective design?
A) The data obtained are focused and deep.
B) The study overall is more manageable for the researcher.
C) The issue of maturation as a threat to internal validity is avoided in this design.
D) This design does not require the use of tools or instrumentation.
Q2) How is an ex post facto design more advantageous than a correlational design?
A) This design is easier to carry out.
B) The independent variable can be manipulated in this design.
C) A greater degree of control is possible with this design.
D) This design offers increased flexibility when the relationships among the variables in the study are complex.
Q3) In which study design do participants serve as their own controls,allowing early trends in the data to emerge?
A) Cross-sectional
B) Ex post facto
C) Retrospective
D) Longitudinal
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Chapter 12: Sampling
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Q1) Which factor or condition of a sample meets the criterion for representativeness?
A) The sample is drawn randomly from the general population without the use of specific criteria.
B) The characteristics of the sample closely resemble the characteristics of the larger target population.
C) The sample includes the same percentage of men and women as well as members of different ethnic groups as the general population does.
D) The subjects selected for the sample have agreed to express the specific opinions or beliefs representative of their ethnic or cultural group.
Q2) What is the appropriate sampling interval for drawing a systematic sample of 25 subjects from 200 women who had breast enhancement surgery in the course of a particular year at a specific medical centre?
A) Every fourth patient
B) Every fifth patient
C) Every eighth patient
D) Every tenth patient
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Chapter 13: Data-Collection Methods
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Q1) In a study conducted at a large long-term care facility,two data collectors examined 56 pressure ulcers on 40 different subjects.The examinations were independently performed but on the same day.A comparison of the results indicated that the data collectors,who used the Braden Scale for pressure ulcer assessment,had identical scores for 54 of the 56 ulcers.What can be determined from this finding?
A) Interrater reliability between the two data collectors was high.
B) Interrater reliability between the two data collectors was low.
C) The data collection method was inappropriate for the phenomenon under investigation.
D) In order to establish interrater reliability, both data collectors should have examined each pressure ulcer at the same time.
Q2) Which of the following is an example of a physiological measurement?
A) Definition of a type "A" behaviour pattern
B) Description of self-care abilities in patients with dementia
C) Ranges of values on two consecutive arterial blood gas analyses
D) Adjusted scores on the State-Trait Anxiety Scale
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Chapter 14: Rigour in Research
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Q1) Why should the validity and reliability of study instruments be assessed while critiquing research reports?
A) To determine the utility of the instruments for triangulation
B) To assess the relationships between hypotheses and research questions
C) To determine whether concepts and variables were measured adequately
D) To assess whether the concept under study is being treated as a dependent variable or an independent variable
Q2) A researcher developed a fatigue scale in an attempt to distinguish depression from fatigue in patients receiving radiation therapy for cancer.The researcher administered the new fatigue scale along with established instruments that measure depression.The fatigue scores were found to be negatively related to the indicators of depression.How should this information be interpreted?
A) Divergent validity present; construct validity supported
B) Divergent validity present; construct validity unsupported
C) Convergent validity present; construct validity supported
D) Convergent validity present; construct validity unsupported
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Chapter 15: Qualitative Data Analysis
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Q1) What processes do researchers use to study their own personal beliefs and knowledge in their attempt to ensure that their analysis reflects the participants' beliefs,not their own?
A) Clustering and making metaphors
B) Auditability and fittingness
C) Constant comparison analysis and matrices
D) Reflexivity and bracketing
Q2) What is the purpose of grounded theory?
A) To expand the scope of nursing practice into areas formerly reserved for other disciplines through theory building
B) To provide an exhaustive description of how individuals or groups have experienced an event in a theoretical manner
C) To examine patterns of action and interaction between and among various types of social units to develop models that lead to theory building
D) To identify precepts and mores common to all members of a distinct cultural or ethnic group in a theoretical manner
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Chapter 16: Quantitative Data Analysis
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Q1) Which of the following parametric statistical tests compares the difference between mental status scores for patients with dementia (Group 1)and those for patients with confusion from dehydration (Group 2)?
A) The t test
B) Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient
C) Chi-square
D) Meta-analysis
Q2) What is the characteristic that determines the assignment of a number to an object for measurement?
A) The object must vary within a narrow range to meet category requirements.
B) All objects assigned a specific measurement number must be similar to all other objects assigned the same number.
C) The objects assigned to one specific number must be positively related to the dependent variable of the study.
D) The objects assigned to one specific number must be positively related to the independent variable of the study.
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Chapter 17: Presenting the Findings
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Q1) Which of the following should be included in the results section of a research report?
A) A list of the cited literature
B) Interpretation of the data
C) Objective presentation of the research design
D) Recommendations for future research
Q2) How should the following statements be interpreted?
(1)"There is a positive relationship between the degree of social support available to new mothers and maternal attachment scores." (2)"The Pearson correlation coefficient was r = 0.79,p <.05."
A) The hypothesis was proven.
B) The hypothesis was supported.
C) The result was clinically significant but not statistically significant.
D) The statistical analysis indicates that the positive correlation was a chance event.
Q3) What is the primary role of figures and tables in a research report?
A) To substantiate the researcher's conclusions
B) To develop a framework for future research in the area
C) To clarify which variable was treated as an independent variable
D) To facilitate the presentation of large amounts of data
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Chapter 18: Critiquing Qualitative Research
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Q1) Which of the following pieces of information presented in the report of a qualitative research study indicates that the research meets the criterion of auditability?
A) The researcher's conclusions are congruent with the study findings.
B) The results are meaningful to persons not in the study.
C) The researcher has described the projected significance of the study to nursing.
D) The researcher has documented all phases of the research process.
Q2) What is meant when a qualitative researcher indicates that the process of research used was "NVivo"?
A) The study blended qualitative and quantitative approaches.
B) All research processes were performed simultaneously.
C) More than one researcher was responsible for data collection.
D) A computer program was used to categorize data.
Q3) Which of the following omissions would not result in a negative critique of an article?
A) A description of the design aspects of the study was omitted.
B) A description of the sample participants was omitted.
C) The purpose of the study was omitted.
D) A description of the research team was omitted.
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Chapter 19: Critiquing Quantitative Research
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Q1) Why should other nurses evaluate the scientific merit of quantitative nursing research studies?
A) To diversify the focus of nursing
B) To broaden the base for nursing practice
C) To demonstrate that nursing is a true science as well as a discipline
D) To ensure that nursing research does not "borrow" from other disciplines
Q2) What is indicated by the following statement found in the abstract of a study report? "This research was an exploratory descriptive investigation of the pregnancy experiences of a multiethnic group of pregnant adolescents."
A) Aims
B) Design
C) Significance
D) Implications
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Chapter 20: Developing an Evidence-Informed Practice
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Q1) What is a useful approach to evaluate an EIP standard that has been recorded in writing by the health care providers?
A) Nursing staff meeting
B) Focus group
C) Patient safety committee
D) Quality improvement committee
Q2) What types of support are important for success in accomplishing an evidence-informed practice intervention?
A) Organizational and administrative support
B) Staff nurse and nurse manager
C) Nurse researcher and physician
D) Patient and nurse coordinator
Q3) What is the purpose of "translational" research?
A) Globalization of nursing research
B) Applying research results to clinical practice
C) Using the results of medical research to direct nursing research
D) Translating the results of nursing research into language common across all health care disciplines
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