Qualitative Research Methods
Final Exam
Course Introduction
Qualitative Research Methods explores diverse approaches to studying social phenomena through non-numerical data. The course provides an in-depth understanding of key qualitative methodologies such as interviews, focus groups, participant observation, and content analysis. Students will learn how to design qualitative studies, collect and analyze data, and interpret findings within various theoretical frameworks. Emphasis is placed on ethical considerations, reflexivity, and strategies for ensuring credibility and trustworthiness in qualitative research. By the end of the course, students will be equipped to critically evaluate qualitative studies and apply qualitative research skills in academic and professional contexts.
Recommended Textbook Research Methods 8th Edition by Donald H. McBurney
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Chapter 1: Psychology and Science
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Q1) A good theory
A) is logical
B) matches common sense
C) eventually becomes a law
D) provides an explanation for a large number of events
Answer: D
Q2) Which one of the following statements is the most subjective?
A) Professor Dolittle announced that the experiment was a success.
B) Three of the participants reported feelings of anxiety.
C) Professor Dolittle's assistant thinks the experiment was a success.
D) All participants were present on the final day of the experiment.
Answer: C
Q3) The statement,"A pleasant fragrance increases ratings of job applicants because the scent creates a positive emotional state in the interviewer" is an example of a:
A) Law
B) Description of behavior.
C) Prediction of behavior.
D) Theory of behavior.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Developing a Research Question
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Q1) The introduction of a research proposal
A) Contains experimental methodology
B) Explains your reason for wanting to do the study
C) Contains what the data means
D) Includes a request for money
Answer: B
Q2) Information obtained from a web site gains credibility if
A) the author is a well known authority
B) the author's work is cited approvingly by a well-known authority
C) you can find biographical material validating the author's credentials
D) All of these increase credibility.
Answer: D
Q3) A credible web site
A) Should discuss the way that it's funded
B) Should never reveal its sources
C) Should reference the literature
D) Should present ideas from a specific point of view
Answer: C
Q4) How does one evaluate the credibility of information obtained from the Internet?
Answer: Answer not provided.
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Chapter 3: Ethics in Research
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Q1) Ethical standards in psychological research are tentative because:
A) the APA cannot agree on what they should be
B) they are intended to be flexible
C) they change with the times
D) the APA knows that outsiders may not agree
Answer: C
Q2) When beginning a project involving animal subjects,approval must be obtained from
A) the Animal Care Committee (ACC)
B) the department chair
C) the National Science Foundation (NSF)
D) the Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Answer: A
Q3) The APA ethics code covers all
A) activities of psychologists
B) professional activities of psychologists
C) professional activities of psychologists and those under their supervision
D) research activities of psychologists and those under their supervision.
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Writing in Psychology
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Q1) If you were to make an oral presentation at a national psychological convention,how would it be different from a scientific paper?
Q2) In APA format,the reference section of an article
A) Is in alphabetical order
B) Starts on a new page
C) Uses a five-space hanging indent
D) All of the above
Q3) Figures in a research report should
A) appear before the references
B) be color coded
C) not have page numbers on them
D) be hand drawn, preferably by the author
Q4) APA style now requires the use of participants instead of subjects
A) when describing humans
B) everywhere we used to say subjects
C) when describing humans, except in describing statistics
D) everywhere except in the methods and results sections
Q5) List the parts of a scientific article in APA style,and describe the contents of each.
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Chapter 5: Variables
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Q1) A subject variable is a(n)
A) incidental aspect of the study that is of no concern
B) confounded variable
C) dependent variable that the researcher does not measure
D) independent variable that the researcher does not manipulate
Q2) Consider the following title of a research study: "The effect of physical distance on ratings of attraction." In this study the dependent variable is
A) physical distances
B) ratings of attraction
C) actual attraction
D) not stated in the title
Q3) Which one of the following statements does not contain both an independent and dependent variable?
A) The effects of physical distance on ratings of attraction
B) Children's defensive and aggressive behaviors in a school setting
C) Cooperation among nursery school children under two types of instruction
D) Sexually coercive behavior of college males as a function of masculinity and attitudes toward women's rights
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Chapter 6: Tabular and Graphical Description of Data
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Q1) A scientist placed some bacteria in a sterile dish of agar.He counted the number of live bacteria at regular intervals afterward.He observed that at first the bacteria grew slowly at first,and then they increased very rapidly in number.Finally,the count leveled off and then declined rapidly as the food supply was used up.A graph of this relationship would be
A) U-shaped
B) linear
C) monotonic
D) nonmonotonic
Q2) Which one of the following terms least belongs with the others?
A) dependent variable
B) Y-axis
C) vertical
D) X-axis
Q3) A frequency distribution differs from other graphs in that the y-axis represents ____,rather than the value of a(n)____
A) frequency, dependent variable
B) frequency, independent variable
C) dependent variable, frequency
D) independent variable, frequency
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Chapter 7: Validity
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Q1) When a researcher asks the question,"Have changes in some developmental process within the subjects paralleled the treatment effects?",she is concerned with which one of the following potential threats to internal validity?
A) maturation
B) subject selection
C) regression effect
D) testing effect
Q2) Define the concepts internal and external validity.Discuss why we say that for some experiments an attempt at increasing one type tends to jeopardize the other type.
Q3) Role demands are a source of
A) selection bias
B) experimenter bias
C) subject bias
D) evaluation bias
Q4) The basic idea of validity is that conclusions based on research (are)
A) statistically reliable
B) free of experimenter bias
C) correspond to the actual conditions of the world
D) support the researchers hypothesis(es)
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Chapter 8: Control
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Q1) Discuss two methods by which experimental control over extraneous variables can be increased.
Q2) Control may be defined as
A) the ability to guide sources of variability in an experiment
B) providing standards for comparing the effect of a particular variable
C) providing techniques to reduce the effects of extraneous variables on the results
D) all of these
Q3) Statistical control is
A) a way of equating subjects on paper that are actually not equal
B) the same as randomization
C) generally preferable to experimental control
D) All of these are true.
Q4) Which one of the following is not a good general strategy for achieving control in research?
A) using a laboratory setting
B) instrumenting the response
C) avoiding designs that require statistical analyses
D) using trained researchers
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Chapter
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Q1) The term procedure
A) means the same as method
B) includes the design of the study
C) describes the logical plan of the study
D) describes the steps in carrying out the design
Q2) Which one of the following methods of analysis requires the least interpretation?
A) manifest content
B) latent content
C) physical trace
D) hermeneutics
Q3) Discuss some of the problems of dealing with archival data,such as police records.Under what conditions would such data be preferable to performing an experiment?
Q4) Explain why it is vital to guard the integrity of the data through careful recording and handling.
Q5) What is the difference between manifest and latent content analysis? When is it appropriate to use these different methods?
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Chapter 10: Nonexperimental Research, part 2: Survey Research
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Q1) One of the major problems facing Web-based surveys is
A) Slippage can occur
B) A difficulty in finding a truly random sample
C) Social desirability is increased
D) The good subject tendency is increased
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a problem in face to face interviewing?
A) Safety
B) Expense
C) Difficult to supervise interviewers
D) Problems in answering questions in the intended order
Q3) A visual analogue scale is a(n)
A) open ended rating scale
B) rating scale, often with seven or nine categories
C) rating scale that consists of a single line, labeled at each end
D) questionnaire that uses branching of items
Q4) A major advantage of using a computer for survey administration is
A) social desirability is reduced
B) the good subject tendency is increased
C) The questions are never asked in the same order twice
D) acquiescence is increased
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Chapter 11: True Experiments, part 1: Single-Factor Designs
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Q1) Exhibit 11-1 A drug and a placebo are compared for treating diabetes.A random half of the subjects receive the drug,while the other half receives the placebo.Blood glucose level is tested in all of the subjects several times a day.
Refer to Exhibit 11-1.The independent variable in the experiment described is
A) the drug
B) the placebo
C) blood glucose level
D) not present
Q2) Multiple-condition experiments are employed to A) compare more than one variable
B) determine the shape of a function
C) rule out more than one rival hypothesis
D) All of these are true.
Q3) Which one of the following procedures is an appropriate way to control for sequence effects in a within-subjects experiment? Arrange so that each condition
A) follows every other condition an equal number of times
B) occurs equally often in each ordinal position
C) is presented once before any condition is repeated
D) occurs only once
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Chapter 12: True Experiments, part 2: Factorial Designs
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Q1) Exhibit 12-1 Suppose a researcher investigated the judgments of guilt made by jurors in response to attractiveness (attractive vs unattractive)and facial expression (neutral vs smiling).
Refer to Exhibit 12-1.The dependent variable is
A) Attractiveness
B) Facial Expression
C) Guilty Verdict
D) The jurors
Q2) Exhibit 12-3 Suppose a researcher measured the test scores of college students who were taught chemistry in the presence of one type of music (country,rock,or classical)in one of three different colored classrooms (red,green,or blue).
Refer to Exhibit 12-3.If a factorial design were used,what are the two independent variables?
A) music and classroom color
B) music and grade level
C) test scores and music
D) classroom color and test scores
Q3) What is the advantage of a factorial design over a single-factor design?
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Chapter 13: Single-Subject Experiments
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Q1) A behavioral therapist is trying to decrease an autistic child's disruptive behavior.He first observes the baseline level of the behavior,then observes the behavior again after his intervention.Since his therapy seems to be effective,he continues to treat the child in the same way.This type of design is called a(n):
A) A-B Design
B) A-B-A-B Design
C) A-B-C Design
D) Cross sectional Design
Q2) The first psychological laboratory was founded in 1879 by:
A) Adolphe Quetelet
B) Hermann Ebbinghaus
C) Wilhelm Wundt
D) Gustav Fechner
Q3) Single subject research
A) was developed recently because of dissatisfaction with group experiments
B) permits easier use of sophisticated statistical analysis
C) permits better comparison between subjects
D) began long before the development of modern statistics
Q4) Define and/or describe the term "statistical power".
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Chapter 14: Quasi Experiments
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Q1) A criminal psychologist is interested in studying the effect of a new furlough program on inmate morale.There are two prisons involved in the study.One prison will institute the furlough program and the other prison will not.The psychologist arranges with the superintendent of both prisons to measure inmate morale before the furlough program begins and six months after the program has started.What type of quasi experimental design is illustrated in this example?
A) nonequivalent control group
B) regression discontinuity
C) interrupted time series
D) repeated treatment
Q2) In a quasi experiment,the researcher
A) selects subjects for different conditions from preexisting groups
B) has complete control over the way the experiment is to be conducted
C) has limited control over the way subjects are selected
D) both a and c
Q3) The most common quasi experimental design is the ____ design.
A) interrupted time series
B) repeated treatment
C) regression discontinuity
D) nonequivalent control group
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Chapter 15: Biases and Limitations of Experimental Psychology
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Q1) Some politicians would like to limit the peer review process for funding of grants to topics they believe are morally correct.This would have the effect of
A) Potentially give rise to more sound results
B) Encourage dialogue between scientists
C) Allowing the politicians to determine what research is done
D) Making it easier to accomplish science
Q2) All of the following may be considered privileges of the scientist except that scientists are:
A) reasonably well paid
B) exempt from public scrutiny
C) accorded much prestige
D) given free rein to investigate problems they set for themselves
Q3) The type of research being funded is often subject to ____ pressure
A) Peer
B) Political
C) Departmental
D) Institutional
Q4) Identify and describe the essential and practical limitations of science.
Page 17
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