Qualitative Research in Public Health
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Qualitative Research in Public Health explores the principles and methods used to investigate complex social, cultural, and behavioral aspects of health within communities. The course covers essential topics such as study design, data collection techniques (including interviews, focus groups, and observations), sampling strategies, ethical considerations, and qualitative data analysis. Students will learn how to develop research questions, apply rigorous analytical frameworks like thematic and content analysis, and critically evaluate qualitative studies. Emphasis is placed on interpreting findings to inform public health practice, policy development, and health promotion, with practical exercises designed to build core qualitative research skills.
Recommended Textbook
Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences 8th Edition by Bruce L. Berg
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher follows the principles of logical positivism, and seeks to create specific operational definitions of the concepts they test. The people and objects do not possess meaning independently, but it is rather conferred upon them. What methodology is this researcher using?
A) Quantitative research
B) Triangulation
C) Chicago School symbolic interactionism
D) Iowa School symbolic interactionism
Answer: D
Q2) A researcher uses idiographic method to understand the world with the two-part goal of exploring a specific situation or event, and inspecting the data collected to describe life and behavior. What methodology is this researcher using?
A) Quantitative research
B) Triangulation
C) Chicago School symbolic interactionism
D) Iowa School symbolic interactionism
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Designing Qualitative Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) The phase in data analysis in which you code and transform data to focus and simplify is __________.
A) conclusion
B) data display
C) dissemination
D) data reduction
Answer: D
Q2) A sampling technique that requires every element of the entire population studied to be enumerated is ________.
A) simple random sampling
B) probability sampling
C) purposive sampling
D) snowball sampling
Answer: A
Q3) The research model that Berg/Lune advocate is the _______ approach.
A) research-before-theory
B) theory-before-research
C) linear progression
D) spiral model
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Ethical Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain several reasons why it is difficult to define risk and ethics in qualitative research.
Answer: A researcher often must keep a list of names to keep field notes consistent, which creates risk to study participants even when confidentiality is promised. When studying deviant or hard-to-reach populations, a researcher must conceal identity as a researcher in order to gain access to the group and obtain a sufficient sample to study. The qualitative researcher must engage in a relationship with the subject, rather than a simple sterile survey. The research is participating in the life of a participant, and engaging in sometimes-risky behaviors. It is difficult to determine where the line should be drawn between the importance of the research versus the potential harm risk of harm to subjects.
Q2) The doctrine that was the basis for the Declaration of Helsinki and the Ethical Guidelines for Clinical Investigation is the _______.
A) Nuremberg Code
B) National Research Act
C) Buckley Amendment
D) Privacy Acts of 1974
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: A Dramaturgical Look at Interviewing
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Q1) Explain 5 of the 10 interviewer commandments.
Q2) How is the language of theatre applied to dramaturgical interviewing?
Q3) When a researcher uses visual cues to evaluate respondent reaction to questions and types data into a laptop, it is called ________.
A) Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI)
B) Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI)
C) Web-Based In-Depth Interviewing
D) Email-Based In-Depth Interviewing
Q4) A question that uses words that arouse negative emotions in the interviewee and risks shutting down the interviewee is a(n) _________________.
A) double-barreled question
B) overly complex question
C) affectively worded question
D) overly simplified question
Q5) Why is the interviewer repertoire so important?
Q6) How can a novice interviewer begin to establish an interviewer repertoire?
Q7) What are several ways to begin data analysis?
Q8) What considerations should an interviewer keep in mind when wording questions to obtain all necessary data?
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Chapter 5: Focus Group Interviewing
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Q1) When the research begins with a research question and primary data collection is used to answer the question, this is called __________.
A) secondary research
B) applied research
C) pure research
D) participant observation
Q2) Which technique is most effective at revealing naturally occurring worlds of the group under study?
A) Focus groups
B) Unobtrusive measures
C) Face-to-face interviewing
D) Participant observation
Q3) Compare and contrast focus group interviewing and unobtrusive measures.
Q4) Which is NOT an advantage of online focus groups?
A) Rising costs
B) Potential to reach a broad geographic scope
C) Provide access to hard-to-reach participants
D) Provide convenient and comfortable way of participating
Q5) How should focus group participants be selected?
Q6) Compare and contrast focus group interviewing and participant observation.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Ethnographic Field Strategies
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Q1) There are six ways that a researcher can strive for invisibility, or to see what's going on without being observed and hence, capture the essence of a situation. Describe how each method works.
Q2) Why is reflectivity important to ethnography?
Q3) Explain the four distinct elements that go into creating full and detailed field notes:
Q4) Field research on the cultural dimensions of organizations is called
A) street ethnography
B) organizational ethnography
C) medical ethnography
D) ethnography
Q5) A person indigenous to the group and setting being studied who is convinced that the study is worthwhile and meaningful to group, and that no harm will fall upon the group, and then extends his or her credibility among the group to the researcher is a(n)
A) gatekeeper
B) guide
C) informant
D) bargainer
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Chapter 7: Action Research
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Q1) In action research, the researcher seeks to produce change, which requires meetings with participants at all phases of the research process. One technique an investigator can use to keep stakeholders informed is spontaneous meetings that form in response to particular circumstances or issues. These are called ___________.
A) focus groups
B) in-group forums
C) informal meetings
D) agency
Q2) What is photovoice, and how does it fit in with past trends in ethnography?
Q3) Explain the three phases of photovoice, and what each involves.
Q4) During analysis of collected data, which question(s) will the researcher ask to help establish the problems and issues, the things bothering the population, and the way these problems intrude on the lives of the people in the group?
A) What and how
B) Why
C) Who, where, when
D) Whether
Q5) What is the role of the action researcher?
Q6) What makes action research unique from other types of research?
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Unobtrusive Measures in Research
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Q1) Which research technique must researchers be sure to employ to corroborate data obtained unobtrusively?
A) Science of garbology
B) Covert observations
C) Triangulation
D) Coding
Q2) Records originally produced for a special limited audience that eventually find their way into public domain, and convey important and useful information are called________. Examples of this type of record include official court transcripts, police reports, census information, financial records, crime statistics, school records, and similar documents.
A) private archives
B) commercial media accounts
C) actuarial records
D) official documentary records
Q3) What ethical concern do researchers need to be aware of when using unobtrusive data?
Q4) Define official documentary records, and provide an example of their use as an unobtrusive data source.
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Chapter 9: Social Historical Research and Oral Traditions
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Q1) Create a list of several questions of your own, or from the text that are examples of things a researcher should ask when determining if a source is valid. Provide a way that the researcher could answer that question.
Q2) When two men sold 60 volumes alleged to be the diaries of Adolf Hitler to the German magazine Stern, and were paid nearly $3 million for phony documents, this is an example of a failure to complete what process?
A) External criticism
B) Internal criticism
C) Plagiarism
D) Investigator detection
Q3) Researchers who use in-depth interviewing as one line of action paired with concepts of history to create a full account that extrapolates the author's motive is a technique called ______________.
A) Construction of a life history
B) Historical research
C) Historiography
D) History
Q4) Why are oral histories so valuable?
Q5) What is an oral history?
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Chapter 10: Case Studies
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Q1) Which research design uses pattern-matching techniques to examine a plurality of influences in a case study with the goal of analyzing the many factors that build a causal explanation for the case?
A) Exploratory case study
B) Explanatory case study
C) Descriptive case study
D) Embedded case study
Q2) Which type of case study studies one research entity at two time points separated by a critical event?
A) Snapshot case study
B) Longitudinal case study
C) Pre-post case study
D) Comparative case study
Q3) Which type of case study is a detailed, objective study of one research entity at one point in time?
A) Snapshot case study
B) Longitudinal case study
C) Pre-post case study
D) Patchwork case study
Q4) Define and describe the essential elements of a case study.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: An Introduction to Content Analysis
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Q1) What is the sequence of analytic activities a researcher should use when completing qualitative content analysis?
Q2) Which type of coding is the second type according to Morse and Richards, and involves gathering material by topic group?
A) Open coding
B) Coding by topic
C) Descriptive coding
D) Analytic coding
Q3) Which term describes the first grouping used to categorize data that virtually anyone in society can distinguish between and among, e.g., persons, things, and events such as age, gender, and roles?
A) Theoretical classes
B) Concept classes
C) Special classes
D) Common classes
Q4) Explain the four guidelines to open coding.
Q5) How does negative case testing work?
Q6) What is content analysis, and what does it seek to accomplish?
Q7) How can a researcher avoid exampling?
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Writing Research Papers: Sorting the Noodles from the Soup
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Q1) Which writing pitfall typically involves several fragments spliced together into several confusing lines that may force the writer to use passive voice?
A) Lazy word beginnings
B) Similar word confusions
C) Vague referrals
D) Long run-on sentences
Q2) Which writing pitfall references other research without sufficient information for the reader to understand where to look for the data?
A) Lazy word beginnings
B) Similar word confusions
C) Vague referrals
D) Long run-on sentences
Q3) What are some techniques for building a methodology section, and what pieces should it include?
Q4) What is plagiarism, and what actions make up plagiarism?
Q5) What are the outlets available for social scientists to disseminate their research?
Q6) What is the difference between a report and a peer-reviewed article?
Q7) What value does rewriting have in research?
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