Qualitative Research in Education Final Exam
Course Introduction
Qualitative Research in Education explores the foundational theories, methodologies, and practices associated with qualitative inquiry within educational settings. The course examines approaches such as ethnography, case studies, grounded theory, narrative inquiry, and phenomenology, with a focus on data collection techniques like interviews, observations, and document analysis. Students will learn how to design rigorous qualitative studies, analyze and interpret qualitative data, address ethical considerations, and present their findings effectively. The course emphasizes the importance of context, reflexivity, and critical thinking in understanding complex social, cultural, and institutional dynamics influencing educational experiences.
Recommended Textbook
Educational Research 5th Edition by John W. Creswell
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Chapter 1: The Process of Conducting Research Using Quantitative
and Qualitative Approaches
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Q1) Place in order from 1 to 6 the steps in the process of research:
Answer: __2__ reviewing the literature __3__ specifying a purpose __5__ analyzing and interpreting data __6__ reporting and evaluating research __4__ collecting data __1__ identifying a research problem
Q2) Which of the following is the best example of a research problem?
A)The need to conduct additional research on children
B)The need to address problems of teenage pregnancies
C)The need to learn about how classrooms work
D)The need to address problems in schools
Answer: B
Q3) Which one of the reasons below is the best argument for why research is important?
A)It is the primary work of faculty members in universities.
B)It informs policy makers about important issues.
C)It is useful in developing your research skills.
D)It helps the researcher prove their ideas.
Answer: B
Q4) What type of research problem is best studied using a qualitative approach?
Answer: When the researcher wants to explore or develop a deep understanding of a phenomenon.
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Chapter 2: Identifying a Research Problem
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Q1) Indicate the purpose of using a narrative hook in the introduction to a study.
A)It provides the reader with your research question.
B)It introduces your research design to the reader.
C)It encourages the reader to continue to read on.
D)It promotes the importance of the first sentence.
Answer: C
Q2) In order to justify the importance of a research problem in a statement of the problem section of a study,the researcher might use all of the following sources except?
A)Draw on personal experiences
B)Rely on the advice of experts
C)Use results to develop an incomplete theory
D)Talk with colleagues in the workplace
Answer: D
Q3) A research problem is
A)a problem that needs to be researched.
B)an issue or concern in education.
C)an important passage that begins a study.
D)the question being addressed in a study.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Reviewing the Literature
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Q1) Take the following within-text reference to the literature and rewrite it to represent a good model of a reference in APA style (6<sup>th</sup> ed.).
Answer: Smith (1994)showed that consumer consumption at fairs
Q2) Identify how you would narrow your computerized ERIC search to research studies so that you capture important data-based studies on your topic.
Answer: You can combine your topic terms with "research" to narrow your search to research studies.
Q3) If you are new to a topic and have not studied or read about it before,it is useful to begin your literature review by consulting
A)papers posted to Web sites.
B)conference papers.
C)books reporting research studies.
D)summaries such as encyclopedias.
Answer: D
Q4) Define the term secondary source of information.
Answer: A secondary source of information summarizes original studies rather than reports original research
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Chapter 4: Specifying a Purpose and Research Questions or
Hypotheses
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Q1) What is the central phenomenon being studied?
Q2) In the following quantitative purpose statement,indicate the intervening variable:
A)College students
B)Self-esteem
C)Social interactions
D)High grades
Q3) What is the purpose of the questions in this passage?
Q4) An explanation or prediction for the relationship between two or more variables in quantitative research is called a
A)theory.
B)variable.
C)hunch.
D)framework.
Q5) The difference between a hypothesis and a research question is that the hypothesis A)predicts what the researcher will expect to find.
B)hypothesizes the relationship among variables.
C)is a statement of fact rather than a question.
D)requires statistical testing in a research study.
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Chapter 5: Collecting Quantitative Data
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Q1) Why do we systematically determine sample size? Select the best answer.
A)Because the IRB process requires it
B)Because of the size needed for statistics
C)Because our advisor recommends it
D)Because our findings require it
Q2) A colleague asks you how to proceed from stating research hypotheses to obtaining scores in a quantitative study.You recognize this as the process of collecting quantitative data,and inform this colleague of four major steps.List the steps in order below:
Q3) If you decide to design your own instrument for quantitative data collection rather than modify or locate an existing instrument,you should know that
A)the instrument will reflect your own biases.
B)the instrument will be difficult to design.
C)your advisor will need to give approval.
D)the instrument will likely modify an existing instrument.
Q4) In the parent involvement study,Deslandes and Bertrand (2005)mentioned the following in paragraph 18,about the variable,"parents role:"
Q5) In the question below,indicate the type of scale used by the author:
Q6) Describe the purpose of having an informed consent form in a research study:
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Chapter 6: Analyzing and Interpreting Quantitative Data
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Q1) Briefly define the z score.
Q2) An individual who has completed your research survey instrument has not responded to question 10 and has chosen to leave it blank.For purposes of quantitative data analysis,how would you respond to this issue?
A)Send the instrument back and ask the person to fill out the question.
B)Delete the individuals survey completely from the database.
C)Assign a value for missing information such as a -999.
D)Re-contact the person and ask them why they did not respond.
Q3) Briefly define the standard deviation.
Q4) Briefly define the mean.
Q5) When inputting data into a computer program for data analysis,"values" are:
A)the numbers associated with variables you are trying to measure.
B)the response options to variables you are trying to measure.
C)the quality of information for variables you are trying to measure.
D)the identifying number for variables you are trying to measure.
Q6) Which of the following is a possible outcome of hypothesis testing?
A)The beta weight of the null
B)The probability of chi
C)The effect size
D)The probability of alpha
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Chapter 7: Collecting Qualitative Data
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Q1) Which of the following is a typical field issue that interviewers may encounter in qualitative research?
A)Learning how to funnel from broad issues to narrow ones
B)Establishing the correct codes
C)Encouraging all participants to talk in a group interview
D)Interpreting the participants' responses
Q2) In your research study,you shadow or follow around a principal for a day.You sit in his office,you go with him to several classes,you go out to lunch with him,and you listen while he talks with parents,teachers,and students in the school.What form of observation are you engaged in?
A)A changing observational role
B)A "day-in-life" observational role
C)A participant observational role
D)An external observer observational role
Q3) Describe what "changing observational roles" means.Second,indicate the situation in which you might engage in this observational practice in qualitative research.
Q4) Indicate the situation in which you might engage in this observational practice in qualitative research.
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Chapter 8: Analyzing and Interpreting Qualitative Data
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Q1) When writing a narrative discussion in a qualitative study,which of the following points is most important?
A)Change quotes to academic language
B)Report a single perspective
C)Report multiple perspectives
D)Minimize tensions or contradictions in experiences
Q2) The point at which themes are fully developed and new evidence is not likely to provide additional themes is
A)validation.
B)saturation.
C)thematic conclusion.
D)authentication.
Q3) What is the target range for the final number of codes to have in a qualitative study?
A)5 to 7
B)25 to 30
C)35 to 45
D)100 to 150
Q4) What is a narrative discussion in qualitative research?
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Chapter 9: Reporting and Evaluating Research
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Q1) A qualitative study should be evaluated in terms of whether the researcher includes multiple levels of data analysis.This is an example of standard _____.
A)Participatory evaluation standards
B)Procedural evaluation standards
C)Philosophical evaluation standards
Q2) Rewrite the model to improve its balance.
Q3) What do you find missing in this example of a poor model of balancing research and content?
Q4) List the five sections typically found in a quantitative research report in the order in which you would find them stated:
Q5) In writing and reporting qualitative research,inquirers need to be ethical.Which one of the following is an important ethical issue in reporting qualitative research?
A)Not having institutional review board sponsorship to examine personal issues
B)Not having a journal publish the results of a study
C)Not having endorsement of the report by the student's advisor
D)Not having results shared with the participants
Q6) What evidence from the passage are you basing your decision on? Be specific.
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Chapter 10: Experimental Designs
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Q1) Why are groups compared in an experiment?
A)Because they differ in important characteristics
B)To isolate whether the treatment affects the outcome
C)To identify if the groups statistically differ
D)To eliminate whether groups have different experiences
Q2) In experimental research,groups on some independent variable are compared in terms of outcomes on a dependent variable.Identify the independent variable and the groups in this experimental study.
Q3) An experiment is conducted in a middle school.Students in the experiment group receive special tutoring in math while students in the control group participate in a regular math class.On the math achievement test at the end of the year,the students in the special tutoring group score higher on math skills than the students in the regular math class.A parent complains about the ethics of this experiment.What ethical issue would the parent likely raise?
A)The math skills test is inadequate.
B)The students in the regular math class are disadvantaged because they did not have tutor.
C)The experiment did not receive approval from school officials.
D)The random assignment of students to groups was unethical.
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Chapter 11: Correlational Designs
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Q1) A researcher collects scores for male and female students and scores running from a 50 to a 99 on a math final test.This researcher is interested in correlating these scores to determine if there is an association between gender and test scores.What correlation statistic would this researcher use?
A)Pearson correlation statistic
B)Phi-coefficient statistic
C)Point-biserial correlation
D)Regression statistic
Q2) From examining the matrix,what type of relationship exists between school climate (the outcome)and the other variables measured in the study?
Q3) What type of correlational design was being used in this study?
A)An explanation design
B)A prediction design
C)A prediction and explanation design
D)A correlated design
Q4) What pattern of association would you expect to find if the scores were plotted for the variable,funding,and the variable,number of teachers?
Q5) Examine Table 1,the correlation matrix of all of the variables in the study.What
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Chapter 12: Survey Designs
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Q1) What is the major difference between a population and a target population?
A)The sampling strategy differs for the target population.
B)The target population is more focused than the population.
C)The target population consists of identifiable individuals.
D)They are essentially the same group of individuals.
Q2) In a mailed questionnaire,survey researchers often use a few semi-closed-ended questions.What is the purpose of including these questions?
A) To allow respondents to write in answers that do not fit the response choices
B) To demonstrate that the researcher is open to many possibilities
C) To permit respondents to comment further about their responses
D) To permit individuals to talk about their ideas in some depth
Q3) A researcher conducts a study of adolescents and their smoking behaviors.In reporting the results,the researcher mentions the names of specific students who are only occasional smokers.What specific ethical issue is presented in this study?
A)The issue of studying and reporting on a sensitive topic
B)The issue of putting the students at risk of encouraging smoking
C)The issue of linking specific participants with identifiable information
D)The issue of not destroying survey instrument after the study concludes
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Chapter 13: Grounded Theory Designs
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Q1) Which one of the following is a key characteristic of the constructivist approach to grounded theory advanced by Charmaz?
A)The use of predetermined categories in axial coding
B)The development of strong conclusions about the data.
C)The use of active codes that capture life experiences
D)The use of diagrams or conceptual maps
Q2) In the process of analyzing qualitative data from open coding to axial coding in grounded theory research,which one of the descriptions below best describes the process of selecting a core category?
A)You select an important open coding category for the core category.
B)You identify the causal conditions and then determine an effect of it.
C)You list the categories and build on these by advancing an axial model.
D)You select a core category that best describes the process being studied.
Q3) Identify the process being explored in this grounded theory study.
Q4) Of the three different designs within grounded theory researchsystematic,emerging,and constructivist - which approach did the authors use?
Q5) List two forms of evidence in this study that suggests the type of grounded theory design that you identified in the last question.
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Chapter 14: Ethnographic Designs
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Q1) An ethnography can be distinguished from a grounded theory study in qualitative research by
A)the use of participants' views.
B)the study of a cultural group.
C)analysis based on themes or patterns.
D)the focus on culturally-selected individuals.
Q2) A qualitative researcher conducts an in depth analysis of a gifted program in an elementary school.This study involves how the children are selected,their experiences,and the outcomes at the end of the sixth grade.The type of ethnographic design is
A)a case study.
B)a realist ethnography.
C)a critical ethnography.
D)an autoethnography.
Q3) The following are typically forms of collecting data in an ethnography EXCEPT
A)A questionnaire
B)An observation
C)A structured instrument
D)A focus group interview
Q4) What is the culture-sharing group that this researcher is exploring?
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Chapter 15: Narrative Research Designs
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Q1) When narrative researchers describe focusing in on individual experiences,they are referring to
A)learning how individuals experience personal situations.
B)learning how individuals experience their families.
C)learning how individuals experience their lives through storytelling.
D)learning how individuals experience life through the process of focusing.
Q2) Of the following,select the best reason to use narrative research
A)when you need to understand the shared beliefs of a group.
B)when you need a theory or to explain a particular process.
C)when you need to report personal experiences in an actual setting
D)when you need to understand a broad picture of cultural norms.
Q3) In a narrative study,the researcher collects information by interviewing a teacher,collecting her teaching journal,and observing her classroom.This information is known as
A)triangulation texts.
B)field texts.
C)transcription texts.
D)qualitative texts.
Q4) List three of the criteria for evaluating a narrative research
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Chapter 16: Mixed Methods Designs
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT a component of a mixed methods research design?
A)The use of both quantitative and qualitative data
B)The sequence of collecting quantitative and qualitative data
C)The integration of the quantitative and qualitative data
D)The use of quantitative and qualitative data in multiple studies
Q2) List three of the criteria for evaluating a mixed methods study.
Q3) A mixed methods researcher decides to study the use of smokeless tobacco among high school students.The specific interest of the researcher is in examining what factors contribute to students becoming frequent users of smokeless tobacco.Further,variables can easily be identified from the literature on this topic,and thus the researcher plans to first conduct a survey with the high school students and then follow up with interviews with a few students.Which of the following designs characterizes this mixed methods design?
A)A social justice mixed methods design
B)A convergent mixed methods design
C)An exploratory sequential mixed methods design
D)An explanatory sequential mixed methods design
Q4) Also by examining the title,how do the authors foreshadow that both qualitative and quantitative data will be collected?
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Chapter 17: Action Research Designs
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Q1) Sally and Sam try out the "quiet time" strategy and closely observe how the students react.They also look at whether the student disruptions tend to subside or escalate after the time out.This step of action research is: _____
A)The problem
B)The data collection
C)The analysis of the data
D)The development of a plan
E)The implementation of the plan
Sally is a 3rd grade teacher who is also the classroom coordinator of a new student teacher,Sam.This student teacher is in his fourth years in the teacher education program and he has recently joined Sally's class to gain some experiences in teaching.Sam immediately faces problems in the classroom.It seems that he easily loses control of the students and this loss of control leads to further acting up.It is embarrassing for Sally who hears from other teachers that she is having a "free for all" in her room whenever Sam teaches.
Sally would like to study her own classroom and make some changes to help Sam become a better teacher.
Q2) What is the practical problem that Heil hopes to solve in this action research study?
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